The change in position of the axillary nerve with rotation of the arm.

The axillary nerve is the most commonly injured nerve around the arm. In the deltopectoral approach, classical teaching states that lateral rotation of the humerus increases the distance between the subscapularis and the axillary nerve. This is the first anatomical study to quantify the distance change between the axillary nerve and subscapularis produced by arm rotation.

The distance of the femoral neurovascular bundle from the hip joint: an intraoperative guide to reduce iatrogenic injury.

Background: Iatrogenic injury to the femoral neurovascular bundle is not uncommon during primary and revision total hip replacement (THR) and can result in permanent weakness, pain and poor function. Prevention of injury to these structures relies on a sound knowledge of their relationships to the hip joint.

Methods: We studied 115 consecutive hip magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) results in order to identify objective relationships between these structures and the hip joint that can be used intraoperatively.

The Distance of the Common Peroneal Nerve to the Posterolateral Structures of the Knee.

Background: The common peroneal nerve (CPN) is an important structure of the lower limb and is at risk of injury during total knee arthroplasty. The aim of this study was to use a tibial reference system to determine the position of the CPN relative to the knee center and popliteus.

Methods: Two hundred consecutive knee magnetic resonance images at the level of a standard tibial arthroplasty cut were evaluated for (1) distance of the CPN from the posterolateral capsule; (2) angle of the CPN from the center of the tibial anteroposterior axis; and (3) location of CPN with respect to the popliteus.