Segmental differences in daytime changes of leg volume.

Background: The aim of our study was to comparatively assess volume changes related to daily occupation of the whole leg (WLv), of the lower leg (LLv) and of the upper leg (ULv) in subject with no venous and lymphatic disorders.

Method: WLv, LLv, and Ulv were evaluated by water displacement volumetry (WDV) in the morning and in the evening in 20 healthy subjects.

Results: In the legs with occupational edema (OE), WLv increased by 7.

Pressure and stiffness of a new air-inflated compression wrap.

Objective: To report pressure and stiffness, in healthy volunteers, of a new compression device with an air bladder inflated by a pump to regulate pressure.

Methods: The device was applied to 60 legs of 30 volunteers and set to exert different pressures of 20-50 mmHg. The exerted pressure was measured in supine and standing positions and during simple physical exercises; static stiffness index, dynamic stiffness index, and walking pressure amplitudes were calculated.

Effects of lower limb muscle strengthening on interface pressure in older adults undergoing inelastic compression: Randomized controlled clinical trial.

Objective: To analyze the effects of lower limb muscle strengthening on interface pressure (IP), static stiffness index (SSI), dynamic stiffness index (DSI), and walking pressure amplitude (WPA) in older adults undergoing inelastic compression therapy.

Method: Forty-three healthy older adults of both sexes (Age: 66.2 ± 4.

Black holes in compression therapy: A quest for data.

Objective: Although compression therapy (CT) is considered a crucial conservative treatment in chronic venous disease, strong evidence is missing for many clinical indications. This literature review aims to point out what strong evidence we have for CT and all the clinical scenarios where strong evidence still needs to be included.

Methods: The research was conducted on MEDLINE with PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science.

No More Venous Ulcers-What More Can We Do?

Venous leg ulcers (VLUs) are the most severe complication caused by the progression of chronic venous insufficiency. They account for approximately 70-90% of all chronic leg ulcers (CLUs). A total of 1% of the Western population will suffer at some time in their lives from a VLU.

Sclerotherapy of lower limb veins: Indications, contraindications and treatment strategies to prevent complications - A consensus document of the International Union of Phlebology-2023.

Background: Sclerotherapy is a non-invasive procedure commonly used to treat superficial venous disease, vascular malformations and other ectatic vascular lesions. While extremely rare, sclerotherapy may be complicated by serious adverse events.

Objectives: To categorise contraindications to sclerotherapy based on the available scientific evidence.

Rationale and current evidence of aquatic exercise therapy in venous disease: A narrative review.

Chronic venous disorders (CVD) of the lower limbs can be treated with different strategies. Typically, conservative management is based on compression therapy, anticoagulants and venoactive drugs. Endovenous treatments remain the gold standard to treat saphenous insufficiency, with sclerotherapy and surgery maintaining a role in selected cases.

Subcutaneous calcifications in legs with chronic venous diseases.

Background: Calcifications in the subcutaneous layer (SCL) have been described by radiographic studies of legs with advanced chronic venous disease (CVD). However, SCL calcifications have rarely been included among the CVD-related changes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the prevalence and morphology of SCL calcifications in legs with CVD of all grades of severity determined by ultrasound.

Effectiveness of Blue light photobiomodulation therapy in the treatment of chronic wounds. Results of the Blue Light for Ulcer Reduction (B.L.U.R.) Study.

Background: Lower limb ulcers not responding to standard treatments after 8 weeks are defined as chronic wounds, and they are a significant medical problem. Blue light (410-430 nm) proved to be effective in treating wounds, but there is a lack of data on chronic wounds in clinical practice. The aim of the study was to determine if blue light photobiomodulation with EmoLED (Emoled Srl, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy) medical device in addition to standard of care is more effective compared to standard of care alone in promoting re-epithelialization of chronic wounds of lower limbs in 10 weeks.

The ICC Compression Questionnaire: A Comprehensive Tool to Evaluate Compression Materials or Devices Applied in Subjects with Lymphedema or Chronic Venous Disease.

Compression therapy is an important part of the treatment of patients with lymphedema or chronic venous disease. However, there is no validated questionnaire evaluating the effect of compression and its acceptance by the patient. Therefore, the aims of this study were to construct a questionnaire evaluating the effect of compression and its acceptance by the patient, that is, the Dutch ICC Compression Questionnaire (ICC-CQ), to investigate its reliability and validity, and to translate it into English.

The effects of water immersion and walking on leg volume, ankle circumference and epifascial thickness in healthy subjects with occupational edema.

Background: Balneotherapy has been considered beneficial in patients with chronic venous disease due to patient-reported positive outcomes on improvement of symptoms and quality of life.Study aim: Assessing the effects of prolonged water immersion (WI) on leg edema and epifascial thickness and to compare these data with those achieved after continuous walking on ground.

Material And Methods: On three consecutive days, 14 otherwise healthy volunteers (9 females, 5 males, mean age 53 ± 10 years) affected by occupational edema (OE), defined as the edema developing during the time period of the working day and disappearing overnight, stayed standing immobile in a swimming pool for 30 minutes (30'), continuously walking again for 30' in the same pool and walking on ground for 30' without interruptions in a randomized sequence.

Compression Therapy Is Not Contraindicated in Diabetic Patients with Venous or Mixed Leg Ulcer.

Unlabelled: The aim of this study was to investigate if compression therapy (CT) can be safely applied in diabetic patients with Venous Leg Ulcers (VLU), even when a moderate arterial impairment (defined by an Ankle-Brachial Pressure Index 0.5-0.8) occurs as in mixed leg ulcers (MLU).

Compression Stocking With 100% Donning and Doffing Success: An Open Label Randomised Controlled Trial.

Objective: The aim of this study was to test whether an investigational two layer stocking exerting 27-29 mmHg pressure at the medial supramalleolar level, but without compression in the foot and heel, is easier to put on and take off than a standard stocking of the same compression class (23-32 mmHg), and also to assess the prevention of diurnal oedema with both types of stocking.

Methods: This was an open label randomised controlled trial, which included 47 patients. All participants were at least 65 years of age and suffered from chronic venous disease class C3 - C6 in one leg.

The Feasibility of Underwater Computerised Strain Gauge Plethysmography and the Effects of Hydrostatic Pressure on the Leg Venous Haemodynamics.

Background: Strain gauge plethysmography (SGP) is employed to evaluate venous drainage of the lower leg.

Methods: In this study, SGP was used to evaluate the effects of the hydrostatic pressure (HP) of water on venous volume (VV), expelled volume, and ejection fraction (EF) in 22 healthy legs before and during immersion in water.

Results: HP reduced VV by 100% and even more during underwater (UW) exercise, making calculation of the UW EF possible.

Bioimpedance spectroscopy and volumetry in the immediate/short-term monitoring of intensive complex decongestive treatment of lymphedema.

Aims: To assess (a) immediate/short-term outcomes of intensive complex decongestive treatment of lower limb lymphedema, by means of bioimpedance spectroscopy and tape measurement-based volumetry, and (b) correlation between these two methods.

Patients And Methods: Cohort study on patients affected by unilateral primary or secondary lymphedema, stage II or III. Patients underwent complex decongestive treatment (manual and electro-sound lymphatic drainage, compression bandage, exercises, low-carb nutrition, and dietary supplements) for six days.

Risks and contraindications of medical compression treatment - A critical reappraisal. An international consensus statement.

Objectives: Medical compression therapy is used for non-invasive treatment of venous and lymphatic diseases. Medical compression therapy-associated adverse events and contraindications have been reported, although some contraindications are theoretically based. This consensus statement provides recommendations on medical compression therapy risks and contraindications.

Volume control of the lower limb with graduated compression during different muscle pump activation conditions and the relation to limb circumference variation.

Background: The literature supports the use of graduated compression stockings (GCS) for leg edema. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of data on the GCS effect on limb edema related to sitting, standing, and walking. Data of different limb shapes and their impact on GCS-exerted pressure are lacking.