2D:4D Suggests a Role of Prenatal Testosterone in Gender Dysphoria.

Gender dysphoria (GD) reflects distress caused by incongruence between one's experienced gender identity and one's natal (assigned) gender. Previous studies suggest that high levels of prenatal testosterone (T) in natal females and low levels in natal males might contribute to GD. Here, we investigated if the 2D:4D digit ratio, a biomarker of prenatal T effects, is related to GD.

Recalled pre-school activities among adults with gender dysphoria who seek gender confirming treatment-An Iranian study.

Preschool play behaviors have been frequently shown to be associated with prenatal androgens. It has also been proposed that incongruent sex-typed play behaviors in childhood is associated with gender dysphoria in adulthood in both men and women. Most of these studies, however, have been conducted in western countries.

Views of individuals with gender dysphoria and disorders of sex development on sexism: An Iranian study.

Ambivalent sexist attitudes have been previously measured regarding several factors such as sex, race and religion. In this study, we evaluated the ambivalent sexism among Iranian individuals with gender dysphoria with or without disorders of sex development (DSD). Attitudes towards gender stereotypes were investigated using Ambivalent Sexism Inventory (ASI) among three groups of participants with varying psychosexual outcome.