Lingual tonsils hypertrophy; a cause of obstructive sleep apnea in children after adenotonsillectomy: operative problems and management.

Objective: Although adenotonsillar hypertrophy has been reported to be the commonest cause of pediatric obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), enlargement of the lingual tonsils is increasingly being recognized as a cause, even after adenotonsillectomy. The aim of our study was to elucidate the lingual tonsils hypertrophy as a cause of pediatric OSA and also to evaluate the efficacy of lingual tonsillectomy in relieving symptoms of the disease considering the peri-operative problems and management.

Methods: Sixteen children with lingual tonsils hypertrophy after adenotonsillectomy were included in the study.

Nasal encephalocele: endoscopic excision with anesthetic consideration.

Objective: Nasal encephalocele may presents as a nasal mass, its treatment is surgical and it should be done early in life. When removal is indicated, there are multiple surgical approaches; including lateral rhinotomy, a transnasal approach and a coronal flap approach. However, the treatment of a basal intranasal encephalocele using transnasal endoscopic approach could obviates the possible morbidity associated with other approaches.