Effect of adding nalbuphine to intrathecal bupivacaine with morphine on postoperative nausea and vomiting and pruritus after elective cesarean delivery: a randomized double blinded study.

Background: The use of intrathecal morphine may result in serious side effects in parturients undergoing cesarean delivery. Nalbuphine, is a mu receptor antagonist and a ĸappa receptor agonist. Combinations of opioid agonist and agonist antagonist can decrease the incidence of opioid related side effects.