Evolution and Reconstruction of Air-Electrode Surface Composition in Reversible Protonic Ceramic Cells: Mechanisms, Impacts on Catalytic Performance, and Optimization Strategies - A Review.

Reversible protonic ceramic cells (R-PCCs) are at the forefront of electrochemical conversion devices, capable of reversibly and efficiently converting chemical energy into electricity at intermediate temperatures (350-700 °C) with zero carbon emissions. However, slow surface catalytic reactions at the air-electrode often hinder their performance and durability. The electrode surface is not merely an extension of the bulk structure, equilibrium reconstruction can lead to significantly different crystal-plane terminations and morphologies, which are influenced by material's intrinsic properties and external reaction conditions.

Ionically and Electronically Conductive Phases in a Composite Anode for High-Rate and Stable Lithium Stripping and Plating for Solid-State Lithium Batteries.

Intensive efforts have been taken to decrease the over-potentials of solid-state lithium batteries. Lowering the anode-electrolyte interface resistance is an effective method. Compared to simply improving the interface contact, constructing both ionically and electronically conductive phases within the anode demonstrates superior improvement in reducing the interface resistance and promoting electrochemical stability.