Bone Tissue in Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Contribution of New Zero Echo Time Sequences.

The introduction of new ultrashort and zero echo time (ZTE) sequences is revolutionizing magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and optimizing patient management. These sequences acquire signals in tissues with very short T2: mineralized bone, cortical bone, and calcium deposits. They can be added to a classic MRI protocol.

Clone-Dependent Expression of Esca Disease Revealed by Leaf Metabolite Analysis.

Grapevine trutk diseases, especially Esca, are of major concern since they gradually alter vineyards worldwide and cause heavy economic losses. The expression of Esca disease symptoms depends on several factors, including the grapevine cultivar. In this context, a possible clone-dependent expression of the Esca disease was studied.

Femoral Torsion: Impact of Femur Position on CT and Stereoradiography Measurements.

Objective: The purpose of this study is to evaluate stereoradiographic measurements of femoral torsion with different femoral positions, in comparison with CT measurements, with use of the current standard axial-slice technique. We hypothesize that CT measurements vary with femoral spatial positioning because of the resulting projection onto the CT plane, whereas stereoradiographic measurements, which are derived from a 3D reconstruction of the femur, remain constant.

Materials And Methods: Both in vitro and in vivo studies were conducted.

Ultrasound of wrist and hand masses.

Ultrasound is a useful tool to investigate soft tissue masses in the wrist and hand. In most situations ultrasound helps distinguish between a cyst and a tissue mass. This article provides a simple clinical approach to the use of ultrasound imaging for the diagnosis and preoperative assessment of wrist and hand masses.

Fat Suppression with Dixon Techniques in Musculoskeletal Magnetic Resonance Imaging: A Pictorial Review.

Dixon techniques are part of the methods used to suppress the signal of fat in MRI. They present many advantages compared with other fat suppression techniques including (1) the robustness of fat signal suppression, (2) the possibility to combine these techniques with all types of sequences (gradient echo, spin echo) and different weightings (T1-, T2-, proton density-, intermediate-weighted sequences), and (3) the availability of images both with and without fat suppression from one single acquisition. These advantages have opened many applications in musculoskeletal imaging.

Relationship between genome and epigenome--challenges and requirements for future research.

Understanding the links between genetic, epigenetic and non-genetic factors throughout the lifespan and across generations and their role in disease susceptibility and disease progression offer entirely new avenues and solutions to major problems in our society. To overcome the numerous challenges, we have come up with nine major conclusions to set the vision for future policies and research agendas at the European level.

[Is medical imaging iatrogenic?].

Imaging is an indispensable element of modern medicine but is not without risk. Low-dose irradiation due to spinal, abdominal, pelvic or cardiac radiography, and the increasing use of CT carries an additional, albeit moderate risk of cancer. Iodinated and gadolinium-containing contrast media, besides their direct toxicity, can trigger hypersensitivity and allergic-like reactions.

Stenosing tenosynovitis.

Tenosynovitis refers to an inflammatory condition involving the synovial sheath of a tendon. Stenosing tenosynovitis is a peculiar entity caused by multiple factors, including local anatomy, mechanical factors, and hormonal factors. The main forms include de Quervain tendinopathy; trigger finger (stenosing tenosynovitis involving the flexor digitorum tendons); stenosing tenosynovitis of the extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi radialis, or extensor comunis tendons; stenosing tenosynovitis of the flexor hallucis tendon; and stenosing tenosynovitis of the peroneal tendons.

US appearance of partial-thickness supraspinatus tendon tears: Application of the string theory. Pictorial essay.

The supraspinatus tendon is composed of 5 different layers consisting of intertwining bundles. On a front portion of the tendon, the layers become coated bundles which insert on the trochanter. At the insertion, the superficial or bursal surface of the tendon corresponding to the tendon fibers in contact with the subacromial bursa can be distinguished from the deep surface corresponding to the fibers in contact with the glenohumeral joint.

Musculoskeletal interventional ultrasonography: the upper limb.

Forty percent of the 823 ultrasound-guided injections performed in our centre over a year and a half concerned the upper limb, injections involving the shoulder, for subacromial bursitis and the treatment of calcific tendinitis, being the prime indications (24%). The wrist represented 8% of the prescriptions, for treatment of tendinopathy, ganglion cysts, carpal tunnel syndrome and rhizarthrosis. Trigger finger, tenosynovitis and pulley ganglia made up 6% of the indications and the elbow 2.

Interventional musculoskeletal ultrasonography of the lower limb.

In this case series, out of 823 ultrasound-guided injections carried out over a period of one and a half years, 60% were of the lower limb (LL). In the hip (61% of LL injections), the main indications were pathologies of the gluteal tendons and bursae (80%) and pathologies of periprosthetic soft tissue; in the knee (15% of LL punctures), these procedures were for cysts (51%), tendinopathies and bursopathies (18%), and joint aspirations (7%); in the calf, haematoma drainage; in the foot and the ankle (24% of LL punctures), Morton's neuroma (47%), tenosynovitis (22%), pathologies of the plantar fascia (13%), cysts (7%), joint aspirations (5%), and bursopathies. For each of these indications, we will detail the specific technique and equipment used, useful tips, and post-procedure care.

Ultrasound-guided injection in osteoarticular pathologies: general principles and precautions.

In the past, needle aspirations or injections involving the motor system were always carried out either blind or guided by fluoroscopy. Over the last few years, sonography has begun to offer an interesting alternative. Its advantages are that it is a relatively inexpensive technique, while not emitting ionising radiation and being easily accessible.

[Recent advances in imaging of hip and knee prostheses].

More than 222 000 hip and knee prostheses are implanted each year in France and this number is growing. Simple radiography is generally used to examine these prostheses in situ but this method has several limitations, including superimposition, the inability to visualize some parts of the prosthesis and to study them in the axial plane, and poor visualization of intra- and peri-articular soft tissues. This article describes the advantages offered by computed tomography and ultrasonography in this setting

Standardized way for imaging of the sagittal spinal balance.

Nowadays, conventional or digitalized teleradiography remains the most commonly used tool for the study of the sagittal balance, sometimes with secondary digitalization. The irradiation given by this technique is important and the photographic results are often poor. Some radiographic tables allow the realization of digitalized spinal radiographs by simultaneous translation of X-ray tube and receptor.

[Foot imaging].

Foot and ankle problems are frequent, daily pathologies. Nowadays, imaging is able to put in evidence the most part of these affections, in a simple, non traumatic way. A good clinical examination is of highest importance to guide the imaging technique.

[Muculoskeletal radiology: ankle and foot in adults].

The main views and indications in adult foot and ankle radiography are detailed. Among foot and ankle diseases, mechanical ones are most frequent, including usual podologic changes (commonly followed by peculiar involvement of certain bones, ligaments, joints, tendons and other soft tissues), synostoses, occult and stress fractures, sprains, and tendon changes. Although they are less frequently encountered in common clinical practice, the radiographic appearance of inflammatory, infectious, and tumoral diseases of foot and ankle are disclosed as well.

[Plain films of pelvis].

Plain films of the pelvis remain informative and allow most of the diagnoses. Assesment of the hip joint space, bone and subchondral structures, sacrum as well as sacroiliac joints is made on the AP view. Oblique views are useful.

[Plain X-rays of the spine: dynamics and elements of semiology].

Man is standing up and he moves himself in a world subject to the gravity's laws. His spine reflects these constraints. Each bivertebral unit that composes the long supple stem of the spine has an anatomic cohesion with some mobility.

[Plain radiographs of the spine: static and relationships between spine and pelvis].

Man, with his erect posture, evolves in a world subject to the laws of gravity. His spine reflects these constraints. The morphology and static of human spine and biomechanical relationships between spine and pelvis are in direct relation with bipedia.

[The "de Sèze" magnetic imaging].

The authors propose that a coronal STIR sequence with large FOV, similar to the de Sèze projection, including lumbar spine, sacrum, pelvis and hips should be obtained in all patients as part of the lumbar spine MRI protocol. For an additional few minutes of scanning time, this additional sequence could demonstrate the presence of lesions (hips, pelvis, sacrum, SI joints, retroperitoneum..

[Normal and abnormal imaging of the foot's extensor system].

The extensor system of the foot is mainly composed by a powerful engine, the triceps surae muscle, equiped with a very sophisticated driving belt, the unit Achilles tendon-posterior part of calcaneus bone-plantar aponeurosis, in continuity with the fibrous skeleton of the triceps surae. The exact knowledge of the anatomy of this fibrous skeleton allows us to understand the occurence of the main anatomical lesions of the extensor system and its imaging. On these solid bases, it's possible to divide the lesions of the foot's extensor system in different subtypes with, for each one, a typical clinical feature, a characteristic imaging and an codified treatment.

Functional dissection of the Tol2 transposable element identified the minimal cis-sequence and a highly repetitive sequence in the subterminal region essential for transposition.

The Tol2 element is a naturally occurring active transposable element found in vertebrate genomes. The Tol2 transposon system has been shown to be active from fish to mammals and considered to be a useful gene transfer vector in vertebrates. However, cis-sequences essential for transposition have not been characterized.

[Dynamic ultrasonography].

The ability to perform dynamic evaluation is a great advantage of ultrasound especially for musculoskeletal evaluation. Different manoeuvres are routinely used. The importance of the mobility of a structure or an articulation, but also the grade of compression of the lesion, can provide useful diagnostic information.