A randomized trial of the effect of vaccine injection speed on acute pain in infants.

Objective: This study compared the pain caused from fast vs. slow vaccine injections.

Methods: Infants aged 2-6months receiving primary immunizations were randomized to fast (2-4mL/s) or slow (5-10mL/s) injections during routine 0.

Reliability and validity of observer ratings of pain using the visual analog scale (VAS) in infants undergoing immunization injections.

We tested the reliability and validity of observer-rated pain in infants undergoing immunization using the visual analog scale (VAS). Pain was assessed in real time and later, from videotapes, in 120 1-year-old infants participating in a double-blind randomized controlled trial of amethocaine vs. placebo.

Order of vaccine injection and infant pain response.

Objective: To determine if acute pain response after administration of the diphtheria, polio, and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis and Haemophilus influenzae type b (DPTaP-Hib) vaccine and the pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV) is affected by the order in which they are given.

Design: Single-center, double-blind, randomized clinical trial.

Setting: Outpatient pediatric clinic in Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Pain response to M-M-R vaccination in 4-6 year old children.

Background: Differences in pain response to two different M-M-R products have previously been demonstrated in 12-month old infants and in 4 â 6 year old children. Objective To determine if the acute and immediate pain response to two licensed M-M-R vaccine products (using a self-report measure) in children 4-6 years of age was similar to that demonstrated in younger infants.

Methods: Randomized, double blind, study.

Topical 4% amethocaine gel reduces the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination.

Objectives: Ametop gel (4% amethocaine) is a relatively new topical anesthetic that produces anesthesia within 30 to 45 minutes and therefore may be appropriate for use in busy outpatient settings. The objective of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of 4% amethocaine in reducing the pain of subcutaneous measles-mumps-rubella vaccination in 1-year-old infants.

Methods: A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was conducted in pediatric outpatient clinics.

Effects of age, gender and holding on pain response during infant immunization.

Determinants of infant pain responses are important when assessing the efficacy of analgesics. In a randomized controlled trial, 106 infants aged 2 to 6 months were positioned either supine (SUP) on the examination table or held (HLD) by a parent during routine immunization in a community pediatric office. There was no difference between the SUP and HLD infants in duration of crying, facial grimacing or visual analogue scale (VAS) pain scores.

Effect of choice of measles-mumps-rubella vaccine on immediate vaccination pain in infants.

Objective: To compare acute pain response to 2 measles-mumps-rubella vaccines.

Design: Double-blind clinical trial.

Setting: Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario.