Structural variation in the pangenome of wild and domesticated barley.

Pangenomes are collections of annotated genome sequences of multiple individuals of a species. The structural variants uncovered by these datasets are a major asset to genetic analysis in crop plants. Here we report a pangenome of barley comprising long-read sequence assemblies of 76 wild and domesticated genomes and short-read sequence data of 1,315 genotypes.

The validity of pathology codes for biopsy-confirmed kidney disease in the Danish National Patobank.

Background: This study validates the application of Systematized Nomenclature of Medicine second edition (SNOMED II) codes used to describe medical kidney biopsies in Denmark in encoded form, aiming to support robust epidemiological research on the causes, treatments and prognosis of kidney diseases.

Methods: Kidney biopsy reports from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 2018 were randomly extracted from the Danish National Patobank, using SNOMED codes. A 5% sample was selected, and nephrologists assessed the corresponding medical records, assigning each case the applied clinical diagnoses.

Disentangling hydroxynitrile glucoside biosynthesis in a barley (Hordeum vulgare) metabolon provides access to elite malting barleys for ethyl carbamate-free whisky production.

Barley produces several specialized metabolites, including five α-, β-, and γ-hydroxynitrile glucosides (HNGs). In malting barley, presence of the α-HNG epiheterodendrin gives rise to undesired formation of ethyl carbamate in the beverage production, especially after distilling. Metabolite-GWAS identified QTLs and underlying gene candidates possibly involved in the control of the relative and absolute content of HNGs, including an undescribed MATE transporter.

A pipeline for identification of causal mutations in barley identifies Xantha-j as the chlorophyll synthase gene.

Thousands of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) mutants have been isolated over the last century, and many are stored in gene banks across various countries. In the present work, we developed a pipeline to efficiently identify causal mutations in barley.

Identification of a candidate dwarfing gene in Pallas, the first commercial barley cultivar generated through mutational breeding.

Many induced mutants are available in barley ( L.). One of the largest groups of induced mutants is the Erectoides () mutants, which is characterized by a compact and upright spike and a shortened culm.

Export of defensive glucosinolates is key for their accumulation in seeds.

Plant membrane transporters controlling metabolite distribution contribute key agronomic traits. To eliminate anti-nutritional factors in edible parts of crops, the mutation of importers can block the accumulation of these factors in sink tissues. However, this often results in a substantially altered distribution pattern within the plant, whereas engineering of exporters may prevent such changes in distribution.

Glucose variability in maintenance hemodialysis patients with type 2 diabetes: Comparison of dialysis and nondialysis days.

Introduction: Hemodialysis (HD) induces several physiological changes that can affect plasma glucose levels in patients with diabetes and in turn their glycemic control. Studies using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) to assess glucose variations on dialysis days compared with nondialysis days report conflicting results. Here, we used CGM to examine glucose variations induced by HD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Glucose metabolism, gut-brain hormones, and acromegaly treatment: an explorative single centre descriptive analysis.

Purpose: Active acromegaly is associated with impaired glucose metabolism, which improves upon treatment. Treatment options include surgery, medical therapy with somatostatin analogues (SSA) and Pegvisomant (PEG), and irradiation. The objective of the study was to describe the differential effect of various treatment regimens on the secretion of glucose, insulin, glucagon, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) in patients with acromegaly.

A 2-million-year-old ecosystem in Greenland uncovered by environmental DNA.

Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene epochs 3.6 to 0.8 million years ago had climates resembling those forecasted under future warming.

Volumetric Measurement of Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Masslike Structures in Patients with Optic Disc Drusen.

Purpose: To develop a method to determine the volume of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid masslike structures (PHOMS) and to examine the correlation between PHOMS and anatomic optic nerve head characteristics in a large cohort of patients with optic disc drusen (ODD).

Design: Retrospective, observational study of patients with ODD.

Participants: Patients with ODD seen in a 3-year period.

Structure-Based Discovery of Negative Allosteric Modulators of the Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5.

Recently determined structures of class C G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) revealed the location of allosteric binding sites and opened new opportunities for the discovery of novel modulators. In this work, molecular docking screens for allosteric modulators targeting the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu) were performed. The mGlu receptor is activated by the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the nervous central system, L-glutamate, and mGlu receptor activity can be allosterically modulated by negative or positive allosteric modulators.

Peripapillary Hyperreflective Ovoid Mass-like Structures (PHOMS) in Children: The Copenhagen Child Cohort 2000 Eye Study.

Purpose: To determine the prevalence of peripapillary hyperreflective ovoid mass-like structures (PHOMS) in a population-based child cohort and to study their association with other optic nerve head features and myopia.

Design: Observational, population-based cohort study of 1407 children aged 11-12 years.

Methods: Optical coherence tomography scans of optic nerve heads were graded for PHOMS, disc tilt, prelaminar hyperreflective lines, and scleral canal diameter and investigated for associated prenatal and ocular parameters.

Distal kinetic deuterium isotope effect: Phenyl ring deuteration attenuates N-demethylation of Lu AF35700.

The N-demethylation of zicronapine (7) and three of its deuterated analogs 8 - 10 has been studied in human in vitro metabolism systems. While the N-deuterio-methyl analog 8 did not behave differently from the parent in human liver microsomes, a significantly reduced rate of N-demethylation was observed as a consequence of benzene ring deuteration (compound 7vs.9).

Optic Nerve Head Anatomy and Vascular Risk Factors in Patients With Optic Disc Drusen Associated Anterior Ischemic Optic Neuropathy.

Purpose: Optic disc drusen (ODD) is an anatomical risk factor for nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NA-AION). This study aimed to investigate the anatomical and vascular risk factors of patients with ODD-AION (ODD-associated NA-AION) and compare them with similar data from patients with nODD-AION (NA-AION without ODD).

Design: Case-control study.

[Non-invasive treatment of open-angle glaucoma].

This review provides an update on open-angle glaucoma with a special focus on the current non-invasive treatment modalities, side effects and interactions to topical pressure-lowering eye drops that all treatment providers should be aware of. We highlight current challenges in terms of timely diagnosis and compliance and outline promising areas of research within the field.

The Accuracy of Hemoglobin A1c and Fructosamine Evaluated by Long-Term Continuous Glucose Monitoring in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Undergoing Hemodialysis.

Introduction: The accuracy of hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) as a glycemic marker in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) receiving hemodialysis (HD) remains unknown. To assess accuracy, we compared HbA1c and fructosamine levels with interstitial glucose measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in patients with T2D receiving HD.

Methods: Thirty patients in the HD group and 36 patients in the control group (T2D and an estimated glomerular filtration rate >60 mL/min/1.