Solubility and reactivity of surfactant-enhanced alkaline hydrolysis of organophosphorus pesticide DNAPL.

The study presented in this paper evaluated the effectiveness of surfactants in enhancing mass removal of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) from soil under highly alkaline conditions and potential for enhancing in situ alkaline hydrolysis for treatment of OPPs, particularly parathion (EP3) and methyl parathion (MP3). In control and surfactant experiments, hydrolysis products EP2 acid, MP2 acid, and PNP were formed in non-stoichiometric amounts indicating instability of these compounds. MP3 and malathion were found to have faster hydrolysis rates than EP3 under the conditions studied.

The influence of cosolvent and heat on the solubility and reactivity of organophosphorous pesticide DNAPL alkaline hydrolysis.

The presented research concerned the compatibility of cosolvents with in situ alkaline hydrolysis (ISAH) for treatment of organophosphorous (OPP) pesticide contaminated sites. In addition, the influence of moderate temperature heat increments was studied as a possible enhancement method. A complex dense non-aqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) of primarily parathion (~50 %) and methyl parathion (~15 %) obtained from the Danish Groyne 42 site was used as a contaminant source, and ethanol and propan-2-ol (0, 25, and 50 v/v%) was used as cosolvents in tap water and 0.

In vivo and in vitro cadmium accumulation during the moult cycle of the male shore crab Carcinus maenas--interaction with calcium metabolism.

The effect of moult stage on cadmium accumulation and distribution was investigated in vivo in male shore crabs Carcinus maenas exposed to 1 mg Cd l(-1) for 7 days. The accumulation of cadmium in all tissues examined was markedly higher in postmoult (A(1-2) and B(1-2)) compared to intermoult (C1, C3 and C4) and premoult (D(0-3)). In addition, elevated levels of cadmium were found in gills of late premoult (D(2-3)) animals.

Association between cadmium and calcium uptake and distribution during the moult cycle of female shore crabs, Carcinus maenas: an in vivo study.

Net influxes into the haemolymph and tissue distribution of 45Ca and 109Cd were studied in vivo in female Carcinus maenas at different moult stages. Net influxes of 45Ca and 109Cd from water were higher in postmoult (A and B) C. maenas than in C3- and C4-intermoult crabs and the net influx of calcium was higher in C3-intermoult crabs than in C4-intermoult crabs.