Effectiveness of nationwide programmatic testing and treatment for latent tuberculosis infection in migrants in England: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.

Background: In low-incidence countries, tuberculosis mainly affects migrants, mostly resulting from reactivation of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) acquired in high-incidence countries before migration. A nationwide primary care-based LTBI testing and treatment programme for migrants from high-incidence countries was therefore established in high tuberculosis incidence areas in England. We aimed to assess the effectiveness of this programme.

Effectiveness of pre-entry active tuberculosis and post-entry latent tuberculosis screening in new entrants to the UK: a retrospective, population-based cohort study.

Background: Evaluating interventions that might lead to a reduction in tuberculosis in high-income countries with a low incidence of the disease is key to accelerate progress towards its elimination. In such countries, migrants are known to contribute a large proportion of tuberculosis cases to the burden. We assessed the effectiveness of screening for active tuberculosis before entry to the UK and for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) post-entry for reduction of tuberculosis in new-entrant migrants to the UK.

Effectiveness of interventions for reducing TB incidence in countries with low TB incidence: a systematic review of reviews.

Aims: What is the evidence base for the effectiveness of interventions to reduce tuberculosis (TB) incidence in countries which have low TB incidence?

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of interventions for TB control and prevention relevant to low TB incidence settings (<10 cases per 100 000 population). Our analysis was stratified according to "direct" or "indirect" effects on TB incidence. Review quality was assessed using AMSTAR2 criteria.

Million Migrants study of healthcare and mortality outcomes in non-EU migrants and refugees to England: Analysis protocol for a linked population-based cohort study of 1.5 million migrants.

In 2017, 15.6% of the people living in England were born abroad, yet we have a limited understanding of their use of health services and subsequent health conditions. This linked population-based cohort study aims to describe the hospital-based healthcare and mortality outcomes of 1.

Reduction in tuberculosis incidence in the UK from 2011 to 2015: a population-based study.

Background: Following nearly two decades of increasing tuberculosis in the UK, TB incidence decreased by 32% from 2011 to 2015. Explaining this reduction is crucial to informing ongoing TB control efforts.

Methods: We stratified TB cases notified in the UK and TB cases averted in the UK through pre-entry screening (PES) between 2011 and 2015 by country of birth and time since arrival.

Tuberculosis in migrants moving from high-incidence to low-incidence countries: a population-based cohort study of 519 955 migrants screened before entry to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland.

Background: Tuberculosis elimination in countries with a low incidence of the disease necessitates multiple interventions, including innovations in migrant screening. We examined a cohort of migrants screened for tuberculosis before entry to England, Wales, and Northern Ireland and tracked the development of disease in this group after arrival.

Methods: As part of a pilot pre-entry screening programme for tuberculosis in 15 countries with a high incidence of the disease, the International Organization for Migration screened all applicants for UK visas aged 11 years or older who intended to stay for more than 6 months.

Prevalence of and risk factors for active tuberculosis in migrants screened before entry to the UK: a population-based cross-sectional study.

Background: An increasing number of countries with low incidence of tuberculosis have pre-entry screening programmes for migrants. We present the first estimates of the prevalence of and risk factors for tuberculosis in migrants from 15 high-incidence countries screened before entry to the UK.

Methods: We did a population-based cross-sectional study of applicants for long-term visas who were screened for tuberculosis before entry to the UK in a pilot programme between Oct 1, 2005, and Dec 31, 2013.

Predictors of success in a UK veterinary medical undergraduate course.

Admission procedures for veterinary undergraduate training programs often include an interview as well as assessment of previous academic performance. In addition to pre-course factors, within-course factors such as performance in earlier years may play a role in determining success in the veterinary course. This study investigated the relationship between pre-course factors and within-course factors as predictors of success within the course.

Effect of intracellular magnesium and oxygen tension on K+-Cl- cotransport in normal and sickle human red cells.

In red cells from normal individuals (HbA cells), the K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC) is inactivated by low O2 tension whilst in those from sickle cell patients (HbS cells), it remains fully active. Changes in free intracellular [Mg2+] have been proposed as a mechanism. In HbA cells, KCC activity was stimulated by Mg2+ depletion and inhibited by Mg2+ loading but the effect of O2 was independent of Mg2+.

Modulation of Gardos channel activity by oxidants and oxygen tension: effects of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and phenazine methosulphate.

We compare the effects of 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB) and phenazine methosulphate (PMS) on Gardos channel activity in normal human red cells. Both stimulate channel activity, both are dependent on the presence of extracellular Ca2+, and neither is affected by inhibitors of protein (de)phosphorylation. Of the two, PMS has a considerably greater effect.

Effect of phenazine methosulphate on K+ transport in human red cells.

The effect of phenazine methosulphate (PMS; 1 mM) on (86Rb+) K+ transport in human red cells was investigated to ascertain its action on the K+-Cl- cotransporter (KCC; defined as the Cl- dependent component of K+ flux measured in the presence of ouabain and bumetanide) and the Ca2+-activated K+ channel (Gardos channel; defined as the clotrimazole, 5 microM, -sensitive K+ flux). In the presence of Ca2+, both transport pathways were stimulated but effects were markedly greater under deoxygenated conditions (5-fold for KCC; 20-fold for the Gardos channel). KCC activation was inhibited by prior treatment with calyculin A (100 nM), implying action via protein dephosphorylation.