A temporal cortex cell atlas highlights gene expression dynamics during human brain maturation.

The human brain undergoes protracted postnatal maturation, guided by dynamic changes in gene expression. Most studies exploring these processes have used bulk tissue analyses, which mask cell-type-specific gene expression dynamics. Here, using single-nucleus RNA sequencing on temporal lobe tissue, including samples of African ancestry, we build a joint pediatric and adult atlas of 75 cell subtypes, which we verify with spatial transcriptomics.

Protective antibody concentrations in primary immunodeficiency following infusion with 5% or 10% intravenous immunoglobulin.

Inadequate production of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies renders patients with primary immunodeficiency susceptible to infection by numerous pathogens, some of which can lead to severe asthma exacerbation and possible death. These patients who are immunocompromised are often reliant on intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapies, which provide passive antibodies against various respiratory pathogens, including measles virus and encapsulated bacteria. We conducted a subanalysis of data from a multicenter, multinational, phase III, open-label bioequivalence study to compare protective concentrations of IgG antibodies provided by a 5% and a 10% IVIG product in patients with primary immunodeficiency.

Cell type-specific gene expression dynamics during human brain maturation.

The human brain undergoes protracted post-natal maturation, guided by dynamic changes in gene expression. Most studies exploring these processes have used bulk tissue analyses, which mask cell type-specific gene expression dynamics. Here, using single nucleus (sn)RNA-seq on temporal lobe tissue, including samples of African ancestry, we build a joint paediatric and adult atlas of 75 cell subtypes, which we verify with spatial transcriptomics.

Functional effects of haemoglobin can be rescued by haptoglobin in an in vitro model of subarachnoid haemorrhage.

During subarachnoid haemorrhage, a blood clot forms in the subarachnoid space releasing extracellular haemoglobin (Hb), which causes oxidative damage and cell death in surrounding tissues. High rates of disability and cognitive decline in SAH survivors are attributed to loss of neurons and functional connections during secondary brain injury. Haptoglobin sequesters Hb for clearance, but this scavenging system is overwhelmed after a haemorrhage.

A retrospective chart review of clinical profile of patients utilizing telepsychiatry services during COVID-19 pandemic at a tertiary care centre.

Background: Telepsychiatry as a vehicle for delivering mental health services became evident due to outburst of mental health issues during coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic and it was found useful in providing mental health care while maintaining social distancing norms and lockdown guidelines.

Aim: To study clinical profile and sociodemographic profile of patients utilizing telepsychiatry services during COVID-19 pandemic.

Materials And Methods: Total 70 old follow-up and 42 new patients were consulted on telepsychiatry, as per Indian Telepsychiatry Operational Guidelines 2020 given by NIMHANS, during 1 and 2 wave of COVID-19 pandemic from June 2020 to May 2021.

Cancer History Avoids the Increase of Senescence Markers in Peripheral Cells of Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impaired Patients.

Epidemiological studies show that having a history of cancer protects from the development of Alzheimer's Disease (AD), and vice versa, AD protects from cancer. The mechanism of this mutual protection is unknown. We have reported that the peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of amnestic cognitive impairment (aMCI) and Alzheimer's Disease (AD) patients have increased susceptibility to oxidative cell death compared to control subjects, and from the opposite standpoint a cancer history is associated with increased resistance to oxidative stress cell death in PBMCs, even in those subjects who have cancer history and aMCI (Ca + aMCI).

Long-term potentiation and spatial memory training stimulate the hippocampal expression of RyR2 calcium release channels.

Neuronal Ca signals generated through the activation of Ca-induced Ca release in response to activity-generated Ca influx play a significant role in hippocampal synaptic plasticity, spatial learning, and memory. We and others have previously reported that diverse stimulation protocols, or different memory-inducing procedures, enhance the expression of endoplasmic reticulum-resident Ca release channels in rat primary hippocampal neuronal cells or hippocampal tissue. Here, we report that induction of long-term potentiation (LTP) by Theta burst stimulation protocols of the CA3-CA1 hippocampal synapse increased the mRNA and protein levels of type-2 Ryanodine Receptor (RyR2) Ca release channels in rat hippocampal slices.

Intramural Jejunal Hematoma Causing Intermittent Bowel Obstruction-A Rare Manifestation of Warfarin Toxicity.

Patients with thromboembolic disorders are commonly on anticoagulants; hence, they are susceptible to bleeding episodes such as ecchymosis, gingival, subconjunctival bleeding, and rarely can have intramural hematoma of small bowel causing patient to present with intestinal obstruction. It is a rare cause of mechanical bowel obstruction requiring a nonsurgical management. Our patient was a 55-year-old male, a known case of thromboembolism on warfarin medication, presented with abdominal pain and vomiting.

Senescence Markers in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Amnestic Mild Cognitive Impairment and Alzheimer's Disease.

Recent studies suggest that cellular senescence plays a role in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) pathogenesis. We hypothesize that cellular senescence markers might be tracked in the peripheral tissues of AD patients. Senescence hallmarks, including altered metabolism, cell-cycle arrest, DNA damage response (DDR) and senescence secretory associated phenotype (SASP), were measured in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of healthy controls (HC), amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) and AD patients.

Neutrophil-Lymphocyte ratio is associated with poor clinical outcome after mechanical thrombectomy in stroke in patients with COVID-19.

Background: The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is emerging as an important biomarker of acute physiologic stress in a myriad of medical conditions, and is a confirmed poor prognostic indicator in COVID-19.

Objective: We sought to describe the role of NLR in predicting poor outcome in COVID-19 patients undergoing mechanical thrombectomy for acute ischemic stroke.

Methods: We analyzed NLR in COVID-19 patients with large vessel occlusion (LVO) strokes enrolled into an international 12-center retrospective study of laboratory-confirmed COVID-19, consecutively admitted between March 1, 2020 and May 1, 2020.

Use of thoracic ultrasound on Scottish dairy cattle farms to support the diagnosis and treatment of bovine respiratory disease in calves.

Background: Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is common in cattle youngstock on UK dairy farms. The current diagnostic methods lack sensitivity and specificity. Thoracic ultrasound (TUS) is a relatively new BRD diagnostic tool with increased accuracy.

Disaster Neurology Update: Focus on the COVID-19 Pandemic.

In 2013, the term disaster neurology was introduced to describe a new practice opportunity for neurologists interested in providing needed, nonsurgical neurologic care in regions affected by natural or human-influenced disasters. Although previously presented as an option for interested neurologists, the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has made it clear that every neurologist should be prepared to take on the unique challenges of disaster neurology. Examining the role of neurologists on the frontlines of the COVID-19 pandemic response represents an opportunity to review and apply key features of disaster neurology, including recognizing the categories of neurologic cases expected to be seen during a disaster, adapting inpatient and outpatient workflows, and accommodating the needs of vulnerable populations.

Neurofilament light predicts neurological outcome after subarachnoid haemorrhage.

To improve outcome prediction following subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), we sought a biomarker integrating early brain injury and multiple secondary pathological processes in a prospective study of 42 non-traumatic SAH patients and 19 control individuals. Neurofilament light (NF-L) was elevated in CSF and serum following SAH. CSF and serum NF-L on Days 1-3 post-SAH strongly predicted modified Rankin score at 6 months, independent of World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies (WFNS) score.

The development of food portion sizes suitable for 4-18-year-old children used in a theoretical meal plan meeting energy and nutrient requirements.

Background: Healthy eating guidelines for school-aged children are available but without advice on portion sizes. This is a concern because consuming large portions is associated with an increased risk of overweight/obesity. The present study aimed to calculate recommended portion sizes for school-aged children based on weight for age and use them to develop a meal plan to meet nutritional needs within energy requirements.

Alzheimer's Disease-Like Pathology Triggered by in Wild Type Rats Is Serotype Dependent.

Periodontal disease is a disease of tooth-supporting tissues. It is a chronic disease with inflammatory nature and infectious etiology produced by a dysbiotic subgingival microbiota that colonizes the gingivodental sulcus. Among several periodontal bacteria, () highlights as a keystone pathogen.

Nanofiltration as a robust method contributing to viral safety of plasma-derived therapeutics: 20 years' experience of the plasma protein manufacturers.

Background: Nanofiltration entails the filtering of protein solutions through membranes with pores of nanometric sizes that have the capability to effectively retain a wide range of viruses.

Study Design And Methods: Data were collected from 754 virus validation studies (individual data points) by Plasma Protein Therapeutics Association member companies and analyzed for the capacity of a range of nanofilters to remove viruses with different physicochemical properties and sizes. Different plasma product intermediates were spiked with viruses and filtered through nanofilters with different pore sizes using either tangential or dead-end mode under constant pressure or constant flow.

Haemoglobin causes neuronal damage which is preventable by haptoglobin.

After subarachnoid haemorrhage, prolonged exposure to toxic extracellular haemoglobin occurs in the brain. Here, we investigate the role of haemoglobin neurotoxicity and its prevention. In humans after subarachnoid haemorrhage, haemoglobin in cerebrospinal fluid was associated with neurofilament light chain, a marker of neuronal damage.

Differential navigational strategies during spatial learning in a new modified version of the Oasis maze.

During spatial navigation, some typical parameters of learning have been observed, such as latency or path length. However, these parameters are sensitive to patterns of navigation and orientation that are not easily measurable. In the present study, we used a modified version of the Oasis maze and evaluated different parameters of learning, navigation, and orientation in different animal groups.

Serotype b of triggers pro-inflammatory responses and amyloid beta secretion in hippocampal cells: a novel link between periodontitis and Alzheimer´s disease?

Previous reports have proposed that Periodontal disease (PDis) predisposes to Alzheimer's disease (AD), both highly prevalent pathologies among the elderly. The bacteria  (), associated with the most aggressive forms of PDis, are classified in different serotypes with distinct virulence according to the antigenicity of their lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Here, we determined the effects of purified LPS, from serotypes a, b or c of , on primary cultures of microglia or mixed hippocampal cells.

N-Acetylcysteine Prevents the Spatial Memory Deficits and the Redox-Dependent RyR2 Decrease Displayed by an Alzheimer's Disease Rat Model.

We have previously reported that primary hippocampal neurons exposed to synaptotoxic amyloid beta oligomers (AβOs), which are likely causative agents of Alzheimer's disease (AD), exhibit abnormal Ca signals, mitochondrial dysfunction and defective structural plasticity. Additionally, AβOs-exposed neurons exhibit a decrease in the protein content of type-2 ryanodine receptor (RyR2) Ca channels, which exert critical roles in hippocampal synaptic plasticity and spatial memory processes. The antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC) prevents these deleterious effects of AβOs .

Triclosan Impairs Hippocampal Synaptic Plasticity and Spatial Memory in Male Rats.

Triclosan, a widely used industrial and household agent, is present as an antiseptic ingredient in numerous products of everyday use, such as toothpaste, cosmetics, kitchenware, and toys. Previous studies have shown that human brain and animal tissues contain triclosan, which has been found also as a contaminant of water and soil. Triclosan disrupts heart and skeletal muscle Ca signaling, damages liver function, alters gut microbiota, causes colonic inflammation, and promotes apoptosis in cultured neocortical neurons and neural stem cells.

"Planting the Seed": Perceived Benefits of and Strategies for Discussing Long-Term Prognosis with Older Adults.

Objectives: To characterize the goals and approaches of clinicians with experience discussing long-term prognostic information with older adults.

Design: We used a semistructured interview guide containing 2 domains of perceived benefits and strategies to explore why and how clinicians choose to discuss long-term prognosis, defined as life expectancy on the scale of years, with patients.

Setting: Clinicians from home-based primary care practices, community-based clinics, and academic medical centers across San Francisco.