Increased oxidative stress and mitochondrial impairments associated with increased expression of TNF-α and caspase-3 in palmitic acid-induced lipotoxicity in myoblasts.

Saturated fatty acids, whose circulating levels are markedly increased in the body, significantly affect the growth and functions of skeletal muscle. These fatty acids may exert a detrimental effect on the undifferentiated skeletal myoblasts that may adversely affect their differentiation. In the present study, the exposure of myoblasts to excess palmitic acid caused an elevation of tumor necrosis factor-α expression and an increase in reactive oxygen species levels consistent with the enhanced inflammation and oxidative stress.

Downregulation of sirtuin 3 by palmitic acid increases the oxidative stress, impairment of mitochondrial function, and apoptosis in liver cells.

Elevated levels of saturated fatty acids show a strong cytotoxic effect in liver cells. Sirtuin 3 (SIRT3), a mitochondrially localized member of NAD -dependent deacetylase has been shown to protect hepatocytes against the oxidative stress. The role of SIRT3 on the cytotoxicity caused by fatty acids in liver cells is not fully understood.

Metabolic enzymes dysregulation in heart failure: the prospective therapy.

The heart failure accounts for the highest mortality rate all over the world. The development of preventive therapeutic approaches is still in their infancy. Owing to the extremely high energy demand of the heart, the bioenergetics pathways need to respond efficiently based on substrate availability.

Neurodegenerative diseases: From available treatments to prospective herbal therapy.

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and many others represent a relevant health problem with age worldwide. Efforts have been made in recent years to discover the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and prospective therapy that can help to slow down the effects of the aging and prevent these diseases. Since pathogenesis of these diseases involves multiple factors therefore the important task for neuroscientists is to identify such multiple factors and prevent age-associated neurodegenerative diseases.