From Nutritional Patterns to Behavior: High-Fat Diet Influences on Inhibitory Control, Brain Gene Expression, and Metabolomics in Rats.

Impulsive and compulsive behaviors are associated with inhibitory control deficits. Diet plays a pivotal role in normal development, impacting both physiology and behavior. However, the specific effects of a high-fat diet (HFD) on inhibitory control have not received adequate attention.

Mapping sidewalk accessibility with smartphone imagery and Visual AI: a participatory approach.

Evaluating sidewalk accessibility is conventionally a manual and time-consuming task that requires specialized personnel. While recent developments in Visual AI have paved the way for automating data analysis, the lack of sidewalk accessibility datasets remains a significant challenge. This study presents the design and validation of Sidewalk AI Scanner, a web app that enables quick, crowdsourced and low-cost sidewalk mapping.

Biomarkers of glucose-insulin homeostasis and incident type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease: results from the Vitamin D and Omega-3 trial.

Background: Dysglycemia and insulin resistance increase type 2 diabetes (T2D) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk, yet associations with specific glucose-insulin homeostatic biomarkers have been inconsistent. Vitamin D and marine omega-3 fatty acids (n-3 FA) may improve insulin resistance. We sought to examine the association between baseline levels of insulin, C-peptide, HbA1c, and a novel insulin resistance score (IRS) with incident cardiometabolic diseases, and whether randomized vitamin D or n-3 FA modify these associations.

Hypoparathyroidism: an update on new therapeutic approaches.

Background: Hypoparathyroidism is a rare endocrine disease characterized by insufficient parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion by the parathyroid glands, leading to hypocalcemia. In contrast to most hormone deficiencies for which hormone replacement is currently the mainstay of therapy, hypoparathyroidism has conventionally been treated with calcium supplements and active analogs of vitamin D. Although the advent of a replacement therapy with 1-34 and 1-84 PTH represented a major step in the therapeutic history of hypoparathyroidism, several new molecules and different management strategies have recently been developed.

Tailoring Risk Prediction Models to Local Populations.

Importance: Risk estimation is an integral part of cardiovascular care. Local recalibration of guideline-recommended models could address the limitations of existing tools.

Objective: To provide a machine learning (ML) approach to augment the performance of the American Heart Association's Predicting Risk of Cardiovascular Disease Events (AHA-PREVENT) equations when applied to a local population while preserving clinical interpretability.

Plasma Levels of Polyols Erythritol, Mannitol, and Sorbitol and Incident Coronary Heart Disease Among Women.

Background And Aims: Erythritol, a sugar alcohol (polyol), has recently been linked to the risks of major adverse cardiovascular events. We investigated whether plasma erythritol and other polyols (mannitol/sorbitol) were associated with the risk of incident coronary heart disease (CHD).

Methods: This prospective nested case-control study included 762 incident cases of CHD and 762 controls from the Nurses' Health Study.

KIC (ketoisocaproic acid) and leucine have divergent effects on tissue insulin signaling but not on whole-body insulin sensitivity in rats.

Plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and their metabolites, the branched-chain ketoacids are increased in insulin resistance. Our previous studies showed that leucine and its metabolite KIC suppress insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in L6 myotubes along with the activation of the S6K1-IRS-1 pathway. Because other tissue and fiber types can be differentially regulated by KIC, we analyzed the effect of KIC gavage on whole-body insulin sensitivity and insulin signaling in vivo.

COVID-19 throughout pandemic waves and virus variants: a real-life experience in an Italian hospital.

New therapies and vaccines changed the management of COVID-19. The aim of this retrospective study was to describe characteristics, in-hospital mortality and its predictors in patients with moderate/severe COVID-19, considering the 4 different pandemic waves and viral variants' prevalence from February 2020 to January 2022. Among 1135 patients included, 873 (77%) had at least one comorbidity, 177 (16%) were immunocompromised.

Artificial intelligence and prescription of antibiotic therapy: present and future.

Introduction: In the past few years, the use of artificial intelligence in healthcare has grown exponentially. Prescription of antibiotics is not exempt from its rapid diffusion, and various machine learning (ML) techniques, from logistic regression to deep neural networks and large language models, have been explored in the literature to support decisions regarding antibiotic prescription.

Areas Covered: In this narrative review, we discuss promises and challenges of the application of ML-based clinical decision support systems (ML-CDSSs) for antibiotic prescription.

Prediction of candidemia with machine learning techniques: state of the art.

In this narrative review, we discuss studies assessing the use of machine learning (ML) models for the early diagnosis of candidemia, focusing on employed models and the related implications. There are currently few studies evaluating ML techniques for the early diagnosis of candidemia as a prediction task based on clinical and laboratory features. The use of ML tools holds promise to provide highly accurate and real-time support to clinicians for relevant therapeutic decisions at the bedside of patients with suspected candidemia.

Transforming Ontology Web Language Elements into Common Terminology Service 2 Terminology Resources.

Communication and cooperation are fundamental for the correct deployment of P5 medicine, and this can be achieved only by correct comprehension of semantics so that it can aspire to medical knowledge sharing. There is a hierarchy in the operations that need to be performed to achieve this goal that brings to the forefront the complete understanding of the real-world business system by domain experts using Domain Ontologies, and only in the last instance acknowledges the specific transformation at the pure information and communication technology level. A specific feature that should be maintained during such types of transformations is versioning that aims to record the evolution of meanings in time as well as the management of their historical evolution.

Deep learning survival model predicts outcome after intracerebral hemorrhage from initial CT scan.

Background: Predicting functional impairment after intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) provides valuable information for planning of patient care and rehabilitation strategies. Current prognostic tools are limited in making long term predictions and require multiple expert-defined inputs and interpretation that make their clinical implementation challenging. This study aimed to predict long term functional impairment of ICH patients from admission non-contrast CT scans, leveraging deep learning models in a survival analysis framework.

Stabilization of V1 interneuron-motor neuron connectivity ameliorates motor phenotype in a mouse model of ALS.

Loss of connectivity between spinal V1 inhibitory interneurons and motor neurons is found early in disease in the SOD1 mice. Such changes in premotor inputs can contribute to homeostatic imbalance of motor neurons. Here, we show that the Extended Synaptotagmin 1 (Esyt1) presynaptic organizer is downregulated in V1 interneurons.

Towards the automatic calculation of the EQUAL Candida Score: Extraction of CVC-related information from EMRs of critically ill patients with candidemia in Intensive Care Units.

Objectives: Candidemia is the most frequent invasive fungal disease and the fourth most frequent bloodstream infection in hospitalized patients. Its optimal management is crucial for improving patients' survival. The quality of candidemia management can be assessed with the EQUAL Candida Score.

One-Year Effects of High-Intensity Statin on Bioactive Lipids: Findings From the JUPITER Trial.

Background: Statin effects extend beyond low-density lipoprotein cholesterol reduction, potentially modulating the metabolism of bioactive lipids (BALs), crucial for biological signaling and inflammation. These bioactive metabolites may serve as metabolic footprints, helping uncover underlying processes linked to pleiotropic effects of statins and yielding a better understanding of their cardioprotective properties. This study aimed to investigate the impact of high-intensity statin therapy versus placebo on plasma BALs in the JUPITER trial (Justification for the Use of Statins in Prevention: an Intervention Trial Evaluating Rosuvastatin; NCT00239681), a randomized primary prevention trial involving individuals with low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <130 mg/dL and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein ≥2 mg/L.

Mediterranean Diet Adherence and Risk of All-Cause Mortality in Women.

Importance: Higher adherence to the Mediterranean diet has been associated with reduced risk of all-cause mortality, but data on underlying molecular mechanisms over long follow-up are limited.

Objectives: To investigate Mediterranean diet adherence and risk of all-cause mortality and to examine the relative contribution of cardiometabolic factors to this risk reduction.

Design, Setting, And Participants: This cohort study included initially healthy women from the Women's Health Study, who had provided blood samples, biomarker measurements, and dietary information.

Perceptions of Animal Welfare on Livestock: Evidence from College Agronomy Students in Costa Rica.

Ethical considerations regarding our treatment of animals have gained strength, leading to legislation and a societal focus across various disciplines. This is a subject of study within curricula related to agri-food sciences. The aim was to determine the perceptions of agronomy university students concerning animal welfare in livestock production systems.

Evaluation of coagulation profile in dogs with ACTH-dependent hyperadrenocorticism compared to healthy dogs by rotational thromboelastometry (ROTEM).

Despite their low morbidity, thromboembolic events in hyperadrenocorticism are associated with high mortality. Identifying the main hemostatic abnormalities will improve the prophylactic approach of these canine patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate hemostatic alterations related with ACTH-dependent HAC and its association with hypercoagulable state.

Hypertension control after intracerebral hemorrhage among varying small vessel disease etiologies.

Introduction: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is attributable to cerebral small vessel disease (cSVD), which includes cerebral amyloid angiopathy (CAA) and hypertensive-cSVD (HTN-cSVD). HTN-cSVD includes patients with strictly deep ICH/microbleeds and mixed location ICH/microbleeds, the latter representing a more severe form of HTN-cSVD. We test the hypothesis that more severe forms of HTN-cSVD are related to worse hypertension control in long-term follow-up after ICH.