assessment of neuroinflammatory cytokines in different stages of ovine natural prion disease.

Introduction: According to the neuroinflammatory hypothesis, a cytokine-mediated host innate immune response may be involved in the mechanisms that contribute to the process of neurodegeneration. Specifically, regarding prion diseases, some experimental murine models have evidenced an altered profile of inflammatory intermediaries. However, the local inflammatory response has rarely been assessed, and never in tissues from different natural models throughout the progression of neurodegeneration.

Enteric Nervous System and Its Relationship with Neurological Diseases.

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is a fundamental component of the gastrointestinal system, composed of a vast network of neurons and glial cells. It operates autonomously but is interconnected with the central nervous system (CNS) through the vagus nerve. This communication, known as the gut-brain axis, influences the bidirectional communication between the brain and the gut.

Applying a Primary Health Care Approach to Closing the Human Resource for Health Gaps for Immunization.

This perspective is focused on the evidence on human resources for health (HRH) solutions for immunization, as a part of a primary health care (PHC) approach.. In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic and 50 years since the Expanded Program on Immunization (EPI) clocks 50 years since its inception.

Long-term safety of OnabotulinumtoxinA treatment in chronic migraine patients: a five-year retrospective study.

Background: Real-world studies have shown the sustained therapeutic effect and favourable safety profile of OnabotulinumtoxinA (BoNTA) in the long term and up to 4 years of treatment in chronic migraine (CM). This study aims to assess the safety profile and efficacy of BoNTA in CM after 5 years of treatment in a real-life setting.

Methods: We performed a retrospective chart review of patients with CM in relation to BoNTA treatment for more than 5 years in 19 Spanish headache clinics.

Factors Involved in the Immunological Protection against Rabies Virus in Dogs in Spain.

Rabies, a viral disease spread by infected animal bites that causes encephalitis in humans and other mammals, is a neglected infectious disease present on all continents except Antarctica. Spain has been free of terrestrial rabies since 1978. However, due to its geographical situation, it represents a bridge for imported cases from an endemic continent such as Africa to Europe.

Dimensional Characterization and Hybrid Manufacturing of Copper Parts Obtained by Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing, and CNC Machining.

The combination of Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) and traditional CNC machining allows manufacturers to leverage the advantages of both technologies in the production of functional metal parts. This study presents the methodological development of hybrid manufacturing for solid copper parts, initially produced using ADAM technology and subsequently machined using a 5-axis CNC system. The ADAM technology was dimensionally characterized by adapting and manufacturing the seven types of test artifacts standardized by ISO/ASTM 52902:2019.

Identification of FasL as a crucial host factor driving COVID-19 pathology and lethality.

The dysregulated immune response and inflammation resulting in severe COVID-19 are still incompletely understood. Having recently determined that aberrant death-ligand-induced cell death can cause lethal inflammation, we hypothesized that this process might also cause or contribute to inflammatory disease and lung failure following SARS-CoV-2 infection. To test this hypothesis, we developed a novel mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 model (MA20) that recapitulates key pathological features of COVID-19.

Venturi Injector Optimization for Precise Powder Transport for Directed Energy Deposition Manufacturing Using the Discrete Element Method and Genetic Algorithms.

Additive manufacturing technologies such as directed energy deposition use powder as their raw material, and it must be deposited in a precise and controlled manner. Venturi injectors could be a solution for the highly precise transport of particulate material. They have been studied from different perspectives, but they are always under high-pressure conditions and mostly fed by gravity.

Diagnosis in Scrapie: Conventional Methods and New Biomarkers.

Scrapie, a naturally occurring prion disease affecting goats and sheep, comprises classical and atypical forms, with classical scrapie being the archetype of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. This review explores the challenges of scrapie diagnosis and the utility of various biomarkers and their potential implications for human prion diseases. Understanding these biomarkers in the context of scrapie may enable earlier prion disease diagnosis in humans, which is crucial for effective intervention.

Spheresomes are the main extracellular vesicles in low-grade gliomas.

Cancer progression and its impact on treatment response and prognosis is deeply regulated by tumour microenvironment (TME). Cancer cells are in constant communication and modulate TME through several mechanisms, including transfer of tumour-promoting cargos through extracellular vesicles (EVs) or oncogenic signal detection by primary cilia. Spheresomes are a specific EV that arise from rough endoplasmic reticulum-Golgi vesicles.

Calcium Carbonate Coating of 3D-Printed PLA Scaffolds Intended for Biomedical Applications.

The incorporation of ceramic additives is the most commonly used strategy to improve the biofunctionality of polymer-based scaffolds intended for bone regeneration. By embedding ceramic particles as a coating, the functionality improvement in the polymeric scaffolds can be concentrated on the cell-surface interface, thus creating a more favourable environment for the adhesion and proliferation of osteoblastic cells. In this work, a pressure-assisted and heat-induced method to coat polylactic acid (PLA) scaffolds with calcium carbonate (CaCO) particles is presented for the first time.

High Temperature Limits of Survival and Oviposition of (Meigen) and (Meigen).

The temperature dependent development rates of blow flies allow blow flies to be used as biological clocks in forensic death investigations. However, the upper thermal limits of adult survival and oviposition, both required for producing larvae, remains largely unknown. Therefore, in this study we examined the impact of a range of temperatures between 37 °C and 44 °C on the likelihood of survival and egg-laying behavior of two species of medicolegal forensic importance, (Meigen) and (Meigen) (Diptera: Calliphoridae).

Translation through collaboration: practice applied in BAMOS project in testing of innovative osteochondral scaffolds.

Osteoarthritis is the most common chronic degenerative joint disease, recognized by the World Health Organization as a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide. The project Biomaterials and Additive Manufacturing: Osteochondral Scaffold (BAMOS) innovation applied to osteoarthritis, funded under the frame of the Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Staff Exchanges (RISE) program, aims to delay or avoid the use of joint replacements by developing novel cost-effective osteochondral scaffold technology for early intervention of osteoarthritis. The multidisciplinary consortium of BAMOS, formed by international leading research centres, collaborates through research and innovation staff exchanges.

Evaluation of the Performance of Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing Electrodes in Electrical Discharge Machining.

Atomic Diffusion Additive Manufacturing (ADAM) is an innovative Additive Manufacturing process that allows the manufacture of complex parts in metallic material, such as copper among others, which provides new opportunities in Rapid Tooling. This work presents the development of a copper electrode manufactured with ADAM technology for Electrical Discharge Machining (EDM) and its performance compared to a conventional electrolytic copper. Density, electrical conductivity and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy were performed for an initial analysis of both ADAM and electrolytic electrodes.

Effects of ceramic additives and bioactive coatings on the degradation of polylactic acid-based bone scaffolds under hydrolytic conditions.

Polylactic acid (PLA) has been extensively used for the manufacturing of scaffolds in bone tissue engineering applications. Due to the low hydrophilicity and the acidic degradation process of this biomaterial, different strategies have been proposed to increase the biofunctionality of the support structure. The use of ceramic particles is a generally preferred option to increase the osteoconductivity of the base material, while acting as buffers to maintain the pH level of the surroundings tissues.

In vivo evaluation of additively manufactured multi-layered scaffold for the repair of large osteochondral defects.

Unlabelled: The repair of osteochondral defects is one of the major clinical challenges in orthopaedics. Well-established osteochondral tissue engineering methods have shown promising results for the early treatment of small defects. However, less success has been achieved for the regeneration of large defects, which is mainly due to the mechanical environment of the joint and the heterogeneous nature of the tissue.

SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak on a Spanish Mink Farm: Epidemiological, Molecular, and Pathological Studies.

Farmed minks have been reported to be highly susceptible to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and may represent a risk to humans. In this study, we describe the first outbreak of SARS-CoV-2 occurred on a mink farm in Spain, between June and July 2020, involving 92,700 animals. The outbreak started shortly after some farm workers became seropositive for SARS-CoV-2.

Stromal cells of giant cell tumor of bone show primary cilia in giant cell tumor of bone.

Giant cell tumor of bone (GCTB) is a locally aggressive primary bone neoplasm composed by tumoral stromal cells (SCs) and a reactive component that consists of monocytic/histiocytic cells that give rise by fusion to osteoclast-like multinucleated cells. Recently, specific Histone 3.3 mutations have been demonstrated in SCs of GCTB.

Sheep condyle model evaluation of bone marrow cell concentrate combined with a scaffold for repair of large osteochondral defects.

Aims: Minimally manipulated cells, such as autologous bone marrow concentrates (BMC), have been investigated in orthopaedics as both a primary therapeutic and augmentation to existing restoration procedures. However, the efficacy of BMC in combination with tissue engineering is still unclear. In this study, we aimed to determine whether the addition of BMC to an osteochondral scaffold is safe and can improve the repair of large osteochondral defects when compared to the scaffold alone.

Comparison of CAD and Voxel-Based Modelling Methodologies for the Mechanical Simulation of Extrusion-Based 3D Printed Scaffolds.

Porous structures are of great importance in tissue engineering. Most scaffolds are 3D printed, but there is no single methodology to model these printed parts and to apply finite element analysis to estimate their mechanical behaviour. In this work, voxel-based and geometry-based modelling methodologies are defined and compared in terms of computational efficiency, dimensional accuracy, and mechanical behaviour prediction of printed parts.

Pulmonary BCG induces lung-resident macrophage activation and confers long-term protection against tuberculosis.

Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) is an attenuated bacterial vaccine used to protect against () in regions where infections are highly prevalent. BCG is currently delivered by the intradermal route, but alternative routes of administration are of great interest, including intrapulmonary delivery to more closely mimic respiratory infection. In this study, mice subjected to pulmonary delivery of green fluorescent protein–tagged strains of virulent () and attenuated (BCG) mycobacteria were studied to better characterize infected lung cell subsets.

On the Effectiveness of Oxygen Plasma and Alkali Surface Treatments to Modify the Properties of Polylactic Acid Scaffolds.

Surface modification of 3D-printed PLA structures is a major issue in terms of increasing the biofunctionality and expanding the tissue engineering applications of these parts. In this paper, different exposure times were used for low-pressure oxygen plasma applied to PLA 3D-printed scaffolds. Alkali surface treatments were also evaluated, aiming to compare the modifications introduced on the surface properties by each strategy.

Experimental Analysis of the Enzymatic Degradation of Polycaprolactone: Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites and Numerical Method for the Prediction of the Degraded Geometry.

The degradation rate of polycaprolactone (PCL) is a key issue when using this material in Tissue Engineering or eco-friendly packaging sectors. Although different PCL-based composite materials have been suggested in the literature and extensively tested in terms of processability by material extrusion additive manufacturing, little attention has been paid to the influence of the fillers on the mechanical properties of the material during degradation. This work analyses the possibility of tuning the degradation rate of PCL-based filaments by the introduction of microcrystalline cellulose into the polymer matrix.

Novel Morphological Glial Alterations in the Spectrum of Prion Disease Types: A Focus on Common Findings.

Human prion diseases are a group of rare fatal neurodegenerative diseases with sporadic, genetic, and acquired forms. They are neuropathologically characterized by pathological prion protein accumulation, neuronal death, and vacuolation. Classical immunological response has long been known not to play a major in prion diseases; however, gliosis is known to be a common feature although variable in extent and poorly described.