Comparing answers of artificial intelligence systems and clinical toxicologists to questions about poisoning: Can their answers be distinguished?

Objective: To present questions about poisoning to 4 artificial intelligence (AI) systems and 4 clinical toxicologists and determine whether readers can identify the source of the answers. To evaluate and compare text quality and level of knowledge found in the AI and toxicologists' responses.

Methods: Ten questions about toxicology were presented to the following AI systems: Copilot, Bard, Luzia, and ChatGPT.

Blood glucose level after infusing an activated charcoal suspension for acute drug poisoning.

Objectives: Activated charcoal in suspension contains 600 mg/mL of sucrose. We aimed to assess the impact of an activated charcoal suspension on blood glucose levels in patients with acute medication poisoning.

Material And Methods: We identified drug patients whose blood glucose levels were measured before and after administration of activated charcoal to treat poisoning.

Health care quality indicators and improvements to make in the prehospital care of adults exposed to carbon monoxide.

Objectives: To describe health care quality indicators in cases of carbon monoxide (CO) exposure attended by prehospital services and to explore factors associated with the use of pulse CO-oximetry (SpCO) for the noninvasive estimation of CO saturation of arterial blood.

Material And Methods: Cohort study of patients exposed to CO and transported by advanced life support units of the Emergency Medical Services of Catalonia between January 2015 and December 2017. We selected 11 applicable quality indicators and used multivariate analysis to explore factors associated with the recording of SpCO.

[Prehospital emergency care of patients exposed to poisoning: Assessment of epidemiological, clinical characteristics and quality of care].

Objective: To describe the characteristics of paediatric patients with suspected poisoning treated by advanced life support (ALS) units, and to evaluate quality indicators (QI) for the prehospital emergency care of these patients.

Method: A one-year observational study of patients under 18 years of age exposed to poisoning and treated by an ALS unit of the Medical Emergency System in Catalonia. Severe clinical criteria were defined, with 8 QI being evaluated for prehospital emergency care of poisoned paediatric patients.

[Accidents in the home. Acute intoxication by household products].

During a two month period, the authors gathered data from patients who visited an emergency ward due to acute intoxication by a household product, and they compared the care which those patients required with the other patients suffering from different intoxications. The variables were introduced and analyzed using a SPSS 75.0 statistics package.

[Clinical presentation, therapeutic approach and outcomes in acute poisoning treated with activated charcoal. Are there differences between men and women?].

Objective: To determine whether there are gender-based differences in the clinical presentation, therapeutic approaches and outcomes in acute poisoning treated with activated charcoal.

Method: A descriptive study conducted in the Emergency Department of the Hospital Clínic de Barcelona over the 7 years between the years 2001 and 2008. The study included poisoned patients who had received activated charcoal.

[Techniques and procedures administered to patients with acute poisoning in an emergency department].

Objective: To identify differences between types of intoxications, determine the needs of intoxicated patients, measure the number of interventions carried out and verify the quality of the healthcare process.

Method: Data were collected from the charts of all intoxicated patients seen by the Emergency Department during a 2-month period. Techniques, procedures and treatments were analyzed.

[Drugs, a current problem. Alcohol dependency].

Alcohol is a socially accepted drug which is commercialized in multiple products including wine, cognac, gin, beer, anisette, vermouth, rum, etc. and which can be consumed in small quantities without producing harmful effects on one's health; nonetheless, women are more susceptible to alcohol's damages and an abusive consumption of alcohol creates dependence and chronic diseases. Ten percent of those people who consume alcohol develop dependency and comprise the leading group of drug addicts in many countries.

[Drugs, a current problem: difficulties in handling drug addictions].

A patient suffering a drug addiction usually presents some characteristic demands and necessities. A professional's attitude must be clear and firm, showing empathy and being an active listener offering assistance, but not expressing either rebuke or threats. The professional attending such a patient takes advantage of a consultation to motivate the patient to begin, or continue, treatment in a corresponding specialized center and will process the necessary paperwork to contact such a center.

[Drugs, a current problem].

The author analyses what addiction to drugs consists of and how this addiction develops. The author also sketches some of the difficulties. Which occur in dealing with drug addictions.

[Substance abuse and the emergency department: a current problem].

Alcohol, tobacco, heroin, cocaine and benzodiazepines, in that order, are the most common substance addictions in Spain. The medical problems caused both by chronic medical pathologies associated with their consumption and by overdoses and withdrawal syndromes, are frequently seen in emergency departments. Knowledge of substance abuse and addiction--how it is caused, the behaviour and pathology it produces--are essential to enable nurses to determine the attitudes to adopt the skills necessary to manage patients with problems of substance.

[What should be kept in mind when a patient with illicit drug overdose is admitted to the emergency department?].

The admission in emergency wards of patients having problems with, or suffering from an overdose of, drugs is a habitual event. The main cause is alcoholic intoxication, followed by heroin abuse until about four or five years ago. Nowadays emergency care for an overdose of cocaine, or its derivatives, and synthetic drugs such as ecstasy or liquid ecstasy is growing.