Novel Biomarkers for Lupus Nephritis in the "OMICS" Era.

Lupus nephritis (LN) is severe renal comorbidity associated with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), a complex autoimmune disorder with high morbidity and mortality. Diagnosis and monitoring of LN patients still rely on renal biopsy, a procedure that exposes patients to a variety of risks and is not capable of providing longitudinally information about disease prognosis. In this review, we summarized current data of recent promising biomarkers developed in the precision medicine era, particularly under genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic techniques.