Implementing 3D printing and extended reality in anatomy education: Organization, evolution, and assessment of an innovative teaching program in an undergraduate medical school in the Netherlands.

Background: A knowledge gap exists on how to implement three dimensional (3D) printing and extended reality (XR) technologies in anatomy education. Also, it remains unclear how students experience the implementation of these new technologies in anatomy education,. This report describes the result of an elective course on the use of 3D prints and XR at our Faculty of Medical Sciences.

Radiology education for medical students: a qualitative exploration of educational topics, teaching methods and future strategies.

Background: Imaging techniques play a central role in modern medicine and therefore it would be beneficial for all medical students to incorporate radiology education in medical school curricula. However, a formal undergraduate radiology curriculum with well-defined learning objectives remains lacking in The Netherlands. This study aims to qualitatively ascertain opinions from clinicians (radiologists and non-radiologists) with regard to radiology education in the medical school curricula, including topics, teaching methods and strategies.

Cardiac troponin concentrations following exercise and the association with cardiovascular disease and outcomes: rationale and design of the prospective TREAT cohort study.

Exercise can produce transient elevations of cardiac troponin (cTn) concentrations, which may resemble the cTn release profile of myocardial infarction. Consequently, clinical interpretation of postexercise cTn elevations (ie, values above the 99th percentile upper reference limit) remains challenging and may cause clinical confusion. Therefore, insight into the physiological versus pathological nature of postexercise cTn concentrations is warranted.

Students' and junior doctors' perspectives on radiology education in medical school: a qualitative study in the Netherlands.

Background: Modern medicine becomes more dependent on radiologic imaging techniques. Over the past decade, radiology has also gained more attention in the medical curricula. However, little is known with regard to students' perspectives on this subject.

Radiation dose reduction of 50% in dynamic myocardial CT perfusion with skipped beat acquisition: a retrospective study.

Background: Dynamic myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a novel imaging technique that increases the applicability of CT for cardiac imaging; however, the scanning requires a substantial radiation dose.

Purpose: To investigate the feasibility of dose reduction in dynamic CTP by comparing all-heartbeat acquisitions to periodic skipping of heartbeats.

Material And Methods: We retrieved imaging data of 38 dynamic CTP patients and created new datasets with every fourth, third or second beat (Skip1:4, Skip1:3, Skip1:2, respectively) removed.

Assessment of paravalvular regurgitation after transcatheter aortic valve replacement using 2D multi-velocity encoding and 4D flow cardiac magnetic resonance.

Aims: To compare the novel 2D multi-velocity encoding (venc) and 4D flow acquisitions with the standard 2D flow acquisition for the assessment of paravalvular regurgitation (PVR) after transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) using cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR)-derived regurgitant fraction (RF).

Methods And Results: In this prospective study, patients underwent CMR 1 month after TAVR for the assessment of PVR, for which 2D multi-venc and 4D flow were used, in addition to standard 2D flow. Scatterplots and Bland-Altman plots were used to assess correlation and visualize agreement between techniques.

Gallium-68 labelled RGD PET/CT imaging of endothelial activation in COVID-19 patients.

In coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), endothelial cells play a central role and an inadequate response is associated with vascular complications. PET imaging with gallium-68 labelled RGD-peptide (Ga-RGD) targets αβ integrin expression which allows quantification of endothelial activation. In this single-center, prospective observational study, we included ten hospitalized patients with COVID-19 between October 2020 and January 2021.

Multireader image quality evaluation of dynamic myocardial computed tomography perfusion imaging with a novel four-dimensional noise reduction filter.

Background: Dynamic myocardial computed tomography perfusion (CTP) is a novel technique able to depict cardiac ischemia.

Purpose: To evaluate the impact of a four-dimensional noise reduction filter (similarity filter [4D-SF]) on image quality in dynamic CTP imaging, allowing for substantial radiation dose reduction.

Material And Methods: Dynamic CTP datasets of 30 patients (16 women) with suspected coronary artery disease, acquired with a 320-slice CT system, were retrieved, reconstructed with the deep learning-based algorithm of the system (DLR), and filtered with the 4D-SF.

Deep Learning for Lung Cancer Detection on Screening CT Scans: Results of a Large-Scale Public Competition and an Observer Study with 11 Radiologists.

Purpose: To determine whether deep learning algorithms developed in a public competition could identify lung cancer on low-dose CT scans with a performance similar to that of radiologists.

Materials And Methods: In this retrospective study, a dataset consisting of 300 patient scans was used for model assessment; 150 patient scans were from the competition set and 150 were from an independent dataset. Both test datasets contained 50 cancer-positive scans and 100 cancer-negative scans.

Pulmonary nodule enhancement in subtraction CT and dual-energy CT: A comparison study.

Objective: To compare nodule enhancement on subtraction CT iodine maps to that on dual-energy CT iodine maps using CT datasets acquired simultaneously.

Methods: A previously-acquired set of lung subtraction and dual-energy CT maps consisting of thirty patients with 95 solid pulmonary nodules (≥4 mm diameter) was used. Nodules were annotated and segmented on CT angiography, and mean nodule enhancement in the iodine maps calculated.

Comprehensive Health Assessment 3 Months After Recovery From Acute Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19).

Background: Long-term health sequelae of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) may be multiple but have thus far not been systematically studied.

Methods: All patients discharged after COVID-19 from the Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands, were consecutively invited to a multidisciplinary outpatient facility. Also, nonadmitted patients with mild disease but with symptoms persisting >6 weeks could be referred by general practitioners.

Clinical relevance of occipital condyle fractures.

Context: No consensus about classification, treatment, and clinical relevance of occipital condyle fractures (OCFs) exists.

Aims: The aim of the study was to determine radiological, clinical, and functional outcome of OCFs and thereby determine its clinical relevance.

Settings And Design: This was a retrospective analysis of a prospective follow-up study.

Automated Assessment of COVID-19 Reporting and Data System and Chest CT Severity Scores in Patients Suspected of Having COVID-19 Using Artificial Intelligence.

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has spread across the globe with alarming speed, morbidity, and mortality. Immediate triage of patients with chest infections suspected to be caused by COVID-19 using chest CT may be of assistance when results from definitive viral testing are delayed. Purpose To develop and validate an artificial intelligence (AI) system to score the likelihood and extent of pulmonary COVID-19 on chest CT scans using the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) and CT severity scoring systems.

CO-RADS: A Categorical CT Assessment Scheme for Patients Suspected of Having COVID-19-Definition and Evaluation.

Background A categorical CT assessment scheme for suspicion of pulmonary involvement of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19 provides a basis for gathering scientific evidence and improved communication with referring physicians. Purpose To introduce the COVID-19 Reporting and Data System (CO-RADS) for use in the standardized assessment of pulmonary involvement of COVID-19 on unenhanced chest CT images and to report its initial interobserver agreement and performance. Materials and Methods The Dutch Radiological Society developed CO-RADS based on other efforts for standardization, such as the Lung Imaging Reporting and Data System or Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System.

Correction to: Physical evaluation of an ultra-high-resolution CT scanner.

The original version of this article, published on 10 February 2019, unfortunately contained a mistake. The axes of the graphs in Fig. 3 are incorrect.

Physical evaluation of an ultra-high-resolution CT scanner.

Objectives: To evaluate the technical performance of an ultra-high-resolution CT (UHRCT) system.

Methods: The physico-technical capabilities of a novel commercial UHRCT system were assessed and compared with those of a current-generation multi-detector (MDCT) system. The super-high-resolution (SHR) mode of the system uses 0.

Iodine Maps from Subtraction CT or Dual-Energy CT to Detect Pulmonary Emboli with CT Angiography: A Multiple-Observer Study.

Background Dual-energy CT iodine maps are used to detect pulmonary embolism (PE) with CT angiography but require dedicated hardware. Subtraction CT, a software-only solution, results in iodine maps with high contrast-to-noise ratios. Purpose To compare the use of subtraction CT versus dual-energy CT iodine maps to CT angiography for PE detection.

Accuracy of registration algorithms in subtraction CT of the lungs: A digital phantom study.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to assess, using an anthropomorphic digital phantom, the accuracy of algorithms in registering precontrast and contrast-enhanced computed tomography (CT) chest images for generation of iodine maps of the pulmonary parenchyma via temporal subtraction.

Materials And Methods: The XCAT phantom, with enhanced airway and pulmonary vessel structures, was used to simulate precontrast and contrast-enhanced chest images at various inspiration levels and added CT simulation for realistic system noise. Differences in diaphragm position were varied between 0 and 20 mm, with the maximum chosen to exceed the 95th percentile found in a dataset of 100 clinical subtraction CTs.

Image Quality of Iodine Maps for Pulmonary Embolism: A Comparison of Subtraction CT and Dual-Energy CT.

The objective of this study was to compare the image quality of iodine maps derived from subtraction CT and from dual-energy CT (DECT) in patients with suspected pulmonary embolism (PE). In this prospective study conducted between July 2016 and April 2017, consecutive patients with suspected PE underwent unenhanced CT at 100 kV and dual-energy pulmonary CT angiography at 100 and 140 kV on a dual-source scanner. The scanner was set to generate subtraction and DECT iodine maps at similar radiation doses.

Single-shot CT after wrist trauma: impact on detection accuracy and treatment of fractures.

Objective: To evaluate accuracy of fracture detection and therapeutic impact of a single-shot CT protocol as a primary imaging tool in all patients with clinical suspicion of wrist injury, and evaluate the resulting impact on therapy.

Materials And Methods: We performed a single-institution study on all patients with suspicion of fractures of the wrist and carpus. All patients underwent conventional radiography, thereafter single-shot wrist CT, and then 1-year follow-up.

Imaging of pulmonary perfusion using subtraction CT angiography is feasible in clinical practice.

Subtraction computed tomography (SCT) is a technique that uses software-based motion correction between an unenhanced and an enhanced CT scan for obtaining the iodine distribution in the pulmonary parenchyma. This technique has been implemented in clinical practice for the evaluation of lung perfusion in CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA) in patients with suspicion of acute and chronic pulmonary embolism, with acceptable radiation dose. This paper discusses the technical principles, clinical interpretation, benefits and limitations of arterial subtraction CTPA.

Comparing dual energy CT and subtraction CT on a phantom: which one provides the best contrast in iodine maps for sub-centimetre details?

Objectives: To compare contrast-to-noise ratios (CNRs) and iodine discrimination thresholds on iodine maps derived from dual energy CT (DECT) and subtraction CT (SCT).

Methods: A contrast-detail phantom experiment was performed with 2 to 15 mm diameter tubes containing water or iodinated contrast concentrations ranging from 0.5 mg/mL to 20 mg/mL.

Malignancy risk estimation of pulmonary nodules in screening CTs: Comparison between a computer model and human observers.

Purpose: To compare human observers to a mathematically derived computer model for differentiation between malignant and benign pulmonary nodules detected on baseline screening computed tomography (CT) scans.

Methods: A case-cohort study design was chosen. The study group consisted of 300 chest CT scans from the Danish Lung Cancer Screening Trial (DLCST).