Franciszek Neugebauer's Ichnograms as a Pioneering Diagnostic Method in Orthopedics in the 19th Century.

The aim of this paper is to present an original orthopedic diagnostic method from the late 19th century developed by Franciszek Neugebauer, a distinguished Polish physician. His technique of detecting skeletal abnormalities was an excellent coping method in the time before the first diagnostic imaging method - x-ray imaging - had been invented.

[Stanislaw Rybicki--the author of the first description of anatomopathological changes in eclampsia].

At the turn of the 19th and 20th century, the term eclampsia referred to a collection of symptoms of some kind of suffering that occurred during pregnancy, during birth or shortly thereafter, whose characteristic feature were tonic-clonic seizures, involving bigger or smaller loss of consciousness and certain changes in the structure and functioning of internal organs of the patient. The aetiology of this severe condition was completely unknown, although it was a very common one and frequently with fatal consequences to the patient. The author of the first published on Polish soil, and according to some sources, even in the world, anatomopathological description of the lesions of eclampsia, is erroneously considered to be a Warsaw anatomopathologist--Edward Przewoski.