Emerging issues related to COVID-19 vaccination in patients with cancer.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has resulted in millions of deaths globally. The pandemic has had a severe impact on oncology care and research. Patients with underlying cancer are more vulnerable to contracting COVID-19, and also have a more severe clinical course following the infection.

Repurposing anticancer drugs for COVID-19-induced inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy.

Three cardinal manifestations of neoplasia, namely inflammation, immune dysfunction, and coagulopathy are also seen in patients with severe SARS-CoV-2 infection, providing a biological rationale for testing selected anticancer drugs for their ability to control the symptoms and/or modify the course of COVID-19.

An Appraisal of Proliferation and Apoptotic Markers in Papillary Thyroid Carcinoma: An Automated Analysis.

Introduction: Proliferation and apoptosis are opposing processes by which the cell numbers are kept in a delicate balance, essential for tissue homeostasis, whereas uncontrolled growth of cells is a hallmark of cancer. Papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) is the commonest type of thyroid cancer, with some PTC following an indolent course, whereas the other ones are more aggressive.

Aim: To evaluate respective contribution of proliferation and apoptosis in the tumorigenesis of PTC by automated analysis.

Cyclin D1 in well differentiated thyroid tumour of uncertain malignant potential.

Background: Encapsulated follicular tumours with equivocal papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) type nuclear features continue to remain a challenge despite the recent attempts to classify these borderline lesions. The term 'well differentiated tumour of uncertain malignant potential (WDT-UMP)' was introduced to classify these tumours. The present study aimed to evaluate the role of a cell cycle regulator like cyclin D1 in these tumours along with assessment of other well established PTC markers like galectin-3, HBME-1, CK19.

Neurofibromatosis type I with breast cancer: not only for women!

The association of neurofibromatosis type I with invasive male breast cancer is a rare clinical entity with only one case in literature reported in 1953. Women with NF1 are at risk of developing breast cancer and men also may be at risk but there is scarce data on the risk and association of NF1 with male breast cancer due to its rarity. Established clinical trials in male breast cancer patients are lacking and the results are extrapolated from female breast cancer patients.

Targeting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK pathways in the treatment of breast cancer.

Alterations of signal transduction pathways leading to uncontrolled cellular proliferation, survival, invasion, and metastases are hallmarks of the carcinogenic process. The phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and the Raf/mitogen-activated and extracellular signal-regulated kinase kinase (MEK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathways are critical for normal human physiology, and also commonly dysregulated in several human cancers, including breast cancer (BC). In vitro and in vivo data suggest that the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and Raf/MEK/ERK cascades are interconnected with multiple points of convergence, cross-talk, and feedback loops.

Malignant myoepithelioma of the breast: case report with review of literature.

Myoepithelial lesions of the breast are extremely rare and can present with a diverse morphology. We report a case of malignant myoepithelioma characterized by proliferation of atypical oval to polygonal cells expressing typical myoepithelial markers. A 45-year-old lady presented with a mass in the left breast.

Rituximab in Hodgkin lymphoma: is the target always a hit?

In 1997, the anti-CD20 monoclonal antibody (MAb) rituximab became the first MAb approved for clinical use in oncology, and ushered in a new era of rationally designed targeted agents in cancer therapeutics. It is currently approved for use in non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), chronic lymphoid leukemia (CLL), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Rituximab is non-mutagenic, associated with low treatment-related toxicity, and few, if any, long term adverse events, making it an attractive agent to be tried in off-label settings like Hodgkin lymphoma (HL).

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the kidney.

Primary leiomyosarcoma of the kidney is a rare tumor with an aggressive behaviour. A 55-year-old woman presented with a left sided abdominal mass in our outpatient department. Radiologic investigations revealed the mass to be renal in origin with colonic adhesions for which radical nephrectomy and hemicolectomy were done.

Adult Wilms' tumour: a case report with review of literature.

Background: Wilms' tumor is the commonest primary malignant renal tumor in childhood. Rarely, it may present in the adult age group.

Case Presentation: We report a 48-year-old male presenting with flank pain and haematuria.

Simultaneous occurrence of multiple myeloma and acute myeloid leukemia.

Multiple myeloma and acute leukemia may sometimes occur in the same patient, usually in patients with myeloma who receive chemotherapy and subsequently develop acute leukemia. However, simultaneous occurrence of myeloma and acute leukemia on presentation is rare, with only a handful of such cases reported in the literature.

Intrapulmonary mature teratoma.

Teratomas are tumors consisting of tissues derived from more than one germ cell line. Criteria for pulmonary origin are exclusion of a gonadal or other extra-gonadal primary site and origin entirely within the lung. Lung teratomas are rare, and for unknown reasons commonly involve the upper lobe of the left lung.