Decreasing lifetime prevalence of diabetes-related foot ulcers in Norway: repeated cross-sectional population-based surveys from the HUNT study (1995-2019).

Background And Aims: Diabetes-related foot ulcers (DFU) are a persistent healthcare challenge, impacting both patients and healthcare systems, with adverse effects on quality of life and productivity. Our primary aim was to examine the trends in lifetime prevalence of DFU, as well as other micro- and macrovascular complications in the Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT) in Norway.

Methods: This study consists of individuals ≥20 years with diabetes participating in the population-based cross-sectional HUNT surveys (1995-2019).

Age of onset for increased dose-adjusted serum concentrations of antidepressants and association with sex and genotype: An observational study of 34,777 individuals.

Purpose: The aim of this study was to examine the age of onset for increased dose-adjusted serum concentrations (C/D ratio) of common antidepressant drugs and to explore the potential association with sex and CYP2C19/CYP2D6 genotype.

Methods: Serum concentrations and prescribed daily doses for citalopram, escitalopram, sertraline, venlafaxine and mirtazapine, and CYP genotypes, were obtained from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) service. Segmented linear regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between age and antidepressant log C/D ratio in (i) all individuals, (ii) men and women, and (iii) CYP2D6/CYP2C19 normal metabolizers (NMs) and CYP2D6/CYP2C19 intermediate or poor metabolizers (IMs/PMs).

High number of hypoglycaemic episodes identified by CGM among home-dwelling older people with diabetes: an observational study in Norway.

Background: A scoping review from 2021 identified a lack of studies on the incidence, prevention and management of hypoglycaemia in home-dwelling older people with diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the frequency and duration of hypoglycaemic episodes measured by continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) in older people with diabetes who received home care and who were treated with glucose-lowering medications, and to compare the frequency and duration of hypoglycaemic episodes between subgroups of the study population according to demographic and clinical variables.

Methods: This was an observational study investigating the occurrence of hypoglycaemia in people with diabetes aged ≥ 65 years.

Medication reconciliationis it possible to speed up without compromising quality? A before-after study in the emergency department.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether it was possible to decrease the time used for medication reconciliation (MR) in the emergency department without compromising quality. A more efficient method will enable more patients to receive MR as early as possible after admission to hospital.

Methods: Potential key factors for improvement of the standard method of MR by clinical pharmacists were identified through an observational period.

Polypharmacy and Potential Drug-Drug Interactions in Home-Dwelling Older People - A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Risks associated with polypharmacy and drug-drug interactions represent a challenge in drug treatment, especially in older adults. The aim of the present study was to assess the use of prescription and non-prescription drugs and the frequency of potential drug-drug interactions in home-dwelling older individuals.

Methods: A cross-sectional study design was applied.

Documented diabetes care among older people receiving home care services: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Home care services plays an important role in diabetes management, and to enable older adults remain home-dwellers. Adequate follow-up and systematic nursing documentation are necessary elements in high quality diabetes care. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the diabetes treatment and management for older persons with diabetes receiving home care services.

Older people living at home: experiences of healthy ageing.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to investigate how old persons perceived their life to be, how they viewed the ageing process and their need of health care and societal support.

Background: The purpose of WHO's Healthy Ageing strategy and development of age-friendly environments is to support physiological and psychosocial changes in old persons by facilitating basic needs. Interventions to operationalize these needs in older people living at home are often developed from a professional perspective and to a small extent involves the perceptions, experience and expectations of the older persons.

Hypoglycaemia in older home-dwelling people with diabetes- a scoping review.

Background: Hypoglycaemia is associated with cognitive and functional decline in older people with diabetes. Identification of individuals at risk and prevention of hypoglycaemia is therefore an important task in the management of diabetes in older home-dwelling individuals. The purpose of this scoping review was to map the literature on hypoglycaemia in home-dwelling older people with diabetes.

Continuous glucose monitoring in older people with diabetes receiving home care-a feasibility study.

Background: Hypoglycemic incidents in older people can cause severe health problems, enhance general age-related disabilities, and cause frailty. Little is known about incidences of hypoglycemia in older home-dwelling people with diabetes. Thus, the aim of this study was to examine the feasibility of capturing hypoglycemia and issues associated with increased risk of hypoglycemia by use of continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and standardized questionnaires among older home-dwelling individuals with diabetes type 2 receiving home care.

Factors associated with self-rated health in a Norwegian population of older people participating in a preventive home visit program: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Assessing self-rated health by preventive home visits of older people can provide information about the person's well-being, quality of life and risk of developing illness. The aim of this study was to examine associations between self-rated health and factors related to demographics, lifestyle, health conditions and medical diagnoses by older people participating in a preventive home visit program.

Methods: A cross-sectional study including 233 participants (age 75-79) from three municipalities of Western Norway was conducted.

Use of Antidepressants in Older People during a 10-Year Period: An Observational Study on Prescribed Doses and Serum Levels.

Background: According to previous studies, older patients frequently have serum concentrations of antidepressant medication above the recommended reference range.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate whether prescribed doses of antidepressants and the proportion of individuals with serum concentrations above the recommended reference range in older individuals (≥ 65 years) have changed over a 10-year period in Norway.

Methods: Serum concentration measurements and prescribed daily doses of antidepressants in 2007 and 2017 were extracted from a therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) database at the Center for Psychopharmacology, Diakonhjemmet Hospital, Oslo, Norway.

Prevalence of drug use among adults with intellectual disabilities compared with drug use in the general population.

Purpose: Individuals with intellectual disabilities (IDs) have more health problems, a poorer general health, and a shorter life expectancy than individuals in general. High rates of drug use in IDs have been reported. Despite the increasing interest in health problems in individuals with IDs, little is known about their drug use.

Determination of Tacrolimus Concentration and Protein Expression of P-Glycoprotein in Single Human Renal Core Biopsies.

Background: Tacrolimus (TAC) is currently the cornerstone of immunosuppressive protocols for renal transplant recipients. Despite therapeutic whole blood monitoring, TAC is associated with nephrotoxicity, and it has been hypothesized that intrarenal accumulation of TAC and/or its metabolites are involved. As TAC is a substrate of P-glycoprotein (P-gp), the expression and activity of this efflux transporter could influence the levels of TAC in renal tissue.

High Tacrolimus Clearance Is a Risk Factor for Acute Rejection in the Early Phase After Renal Transplantation.

Background: Patients with high tacrolimus clearance eliminate more drug within a dose interval compared with those with low clearance. Delays in dosing time will result in transient periods of lower concentrations in high versus low clearance patients. Transient subtherapeutic tacrolimus concentrations may induce acute rejection episodes.

Psychotropics and weak opioid analgesics in plasma samples of older hip fracture patients - detection frequencies and consistency with drug records.

Aims: To determine use of psychotropic drugs and weak opioids in hip fracture patients by analysing plasma samples at admission, and compare detected drug frequencies with prescription registry data and drug records.

Methods: Plasma from 250 hip fracture patients aged ≥65 years sampled at hospital admission were analysed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods for detection of psychotropic drugs and weak opioid analgesics (alcohol also determined). Odds ratios for drugs detected in plasma of hip fracture patients vs.

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Elderly Patients.

Background: Elderly patients are at increased risk for elevated serum concentrations from treatment with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). The aim of this study was to examine the use of therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of SSRIs in elderly compared with younger patients.

Methods: All serum concentration measurements of SSRIs (escitalopram, citalopram, fluoxetine, fluvoxamine, paroxetine, and sertraline) performed at our laboratory in 2011 were included.

Impact of genetic variability in CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 on serum concentrations of quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine in psychiatric patients.

Background: To investigate the impact of genetic variability in CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 on steady-state serum concentrations of quetiapine and the active metabolite, N-desalkylquetiapine, in psychiatric patients.

Methods: Measured serum concentrations of quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine from patients with biobanked DNA samples were included retrospectively from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring database. The impact of CYP2D6, CYP3A5, and ABCB1 (345C>T) genotypes on dose-adjusted serum concentrations (C/D ratios) of quetiapine and N-desalkylquetiapine was investigated by multivariate mixed model analysis.

Impact of age on serum concentrations of venlafaxine and escitalopram in different CYP2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype subgroups.

Purpose: The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of age on venlafaxine and escitalopram serum concentrations in various cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2D6 and CYP2C19 genotype subgroups.

Methods: Serum concentration measurements from CYP-genotyped patients treated with venlafaxine (n = 255) or escitalopram (n = 541) were collected retrospectively from a therapeutic drug monitoring database. Patients were divided into three CYP2D6 (venlafaxine) or CYP2C19 (escitalopram) phenotype subgroups according to inherited genotype, i.

Serum concentrations of risperidone and aripiprazole in subgroups encoding CYP2D6 intermediate metabolizer phenotype.

Background: Cytochrome P450 2D6 intermediate metabolizer phenotype (CYP2D6 IM) comprises various genotype subgroups. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum concentrations of the CYP2D6 substrates risperidone and aripiprazole in psychiatric patients with various CYP2D6 genotypes encoding IM phenotype.

Methods: The study was based on therapeutic drug monitoring data from CYP2D6-genotyped patients (mainly of white origin) treated with orally administered risperidone (n = 190) or aripiprazole (n = 266).

UGT1A1*28 is associated with decreased systemic exposure of atorvastatin lactone.

Background: Atorvastatin is commonly used to reduce cholesterol. Atorvastatin acid is converted to its corresponding lactone form spontaneously or via glucuronidation mediated by uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) 1A1 and 1A3. Atorvastatin lactone is pharmacologically inactive, but is suspected to be muscle toxic and cause statin-induced myopathy (SIM).

Metabolism of the active metabolite of quetiapine, N-desalkylquetiapine in vitro.

The antipsychotic drug quetiapine has been approved for the treatment of unipolar and bipolar depression. The antidepressant activity is considered to be mediated by the active metabolite N-desalkylquetiapine, which is mainly formed by CYP3A4. Little is known about the subsequent elimination of this metabolite.

Immunological response as a source to variability in drug metabolism and transport.

Through the last decades it has become increasingly evident that disease-states involving cytokines affect the pharmacokinetics of drugs through regulation of expression and activity of drug metabolizing enzymes, and more recently also drug transporters. The clinical implication is however difficult to predict, since these effects are dependent on the degree of inflammation and may be changed when the diseases are treated. This article will give an overview of the present understanding of the effects of cytokines on cytochrome P450 enzymes and drug transporters, and highlight the importance of considering these issues in regard to increasing use of the relatively new class of drugs, namely therapeutic proteins.

Serum concentrations of antidepressants in the elderly.

Background: The elderly is the most rapidly growing subpopulation in many countries, and the use of antidepressant drugs among elderly patients may be increasing as depression is one of the most common comorbid conditions in age-related diseases. The aim of the present study was to compare serum concentrations of antidepressants in older versus younger individuals in a naturalistic setting.

Methods: Serum concentrations from patients treated with antidepressant drugs were withdrawn from a routine therapeutic drug monitoring database and stratified into the age groups younger than 40 years, 40-65 years, and older than 65 years.