NCoA3 upregulation in breast cancer‑associated adipocytes elicits an inflammatory profile.

Nuclear receptor coactivator 3 (NCoA3) is a transcriptional coactivator of NF‑κB and other factors, which is expressed at relatively low levels in normal cells and is amplified or overexpressed in several types of cancer, including breast tumors. NCoA3 levels have been shown to be decreased during adipogenesis; however, its role in tumor‑surrounding adipose tissue (AT) remains unknown. Therefore, the present study assessed the modulation of NCoA3 in breast cancer‑associated adipocytes and evaluated its association with the expression of inflammatory markers.

Megakaryocyte-stromal cell interactions: Effect on megakaryocyte proliferation, proplatelet production, and survival.

Bone marrow stromal cells provide a proper environment for the development of hematologic lineages. The incorporation of different stromal cells into in vitro culture systems would be an attractive model to study megakaryopoiesis and thrombopoiesis. Our objective was to evaluate the participation of different types of stromal cells in in vitro megakaryopoiesis, thrombopoiesis, and megakaryocyte (MK) survival.

Functional relationship between CFTR and RAC3 expression for maintaining cancer cell stemness in human colorectal cancer.

Purpose: CFTR mutations not only cause cystic fibrosis, but also increase the risk of colorectal cancer. A putative role of CFTR in colorectal cancer patients without cystic fibrosis has so far, however, not been investigated. RAC3 is a nuclear receptor coactivator that has been found to be overexpressed in several human tumors, and to be required for maintaining cancer stemness.

GPR75 receptor mediates 20-HETE-signaling and metastatic features of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells.

Purpose: Recent studies have shown that 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (20-HETE) is a key molecule in sustaining androgen-mediated prostate cancer cell survival. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether 20-HETE can affect the metastatic potential of androgen-insensitive prostate cancer cells, and the implication of the newly described 20-HETE receptor, GPR75, in mediating these effects.

Methods: The expression of GPR75, protein phosphorylation, actin polymerization and protein distribution were assessed by western blot and/or fluorescence microscopy.

Extract from Induces the Cell Death of Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells.

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are an important player in the resistance of cancers to therapy. In this work, we determined the flavonoids composition and biological action of (AP) extracts in colorectal cancer. The chemical characterization of extracts was performed by HPLC.

The inflammatory cytokine TNF contributes with RAC3-induced malignant transformation.

RAC3 is a coactivator of steroid receptors and NF-κB. It is usually overexpressed in several tumors, contributes to maintain cancer stem cells and also to induce them when is overexpressed in non-tumoral cells. In this work, we investigated whether the inflammatory cytokine TNF may contribute to the transforming effects of RAC3 overexpression in the non-tumoral HEK293 cell line.

Role of RAC3 coactivator in the adipocyte differentiation.

RAC3 is a member of the p160 family of steroid receptor coactivators and it is highly expressed in several human cancers, contributing to enhanced cell proliferation and cellular transformation. In this work, we have studied the role of RAC3 in adipogenesis in L-929 cells. Adipogenesis is a highly regulated process, involving cell cycle arrest and changes in the gene expression pattern required for morphological remodelling.

High RAC3 expression levels are required for induction and maintaining of cancer cell stemness.

RAC3 is a transcription coactivator, usually overexpressed in several tumors and required to maintain the pluripotency in normal stem cells. In this work we studied the association between RAC3 overexpression on cancer cell stemness and the capacity of this protein to induce cancer stem properties in non tumoral cells. We performed and experiments using two strategies: by overexpressing RAC3 in the non tumoral cell line HEK293 and by silencing RAC3 in the human colorectal epithelial cell line HCT116 by transfection.

RAC3 influences the chemoresistance of colon cancer cells through autophagy and apoptosis inhibition.

Background: RAC3 coactivator overexpression has been implicated in tumorigenesis, contributing to inhibition of apoptosis and autophagy. Both mechanisms are involved in resistance to treatment with chemotherapeutic agents. The aim of this study was to investigate its role in chemoresistance of colorectal cancer.

[Autophagy. A strategy for cell survival].

Autophagy is a process of recycling parts of the cell. As described in this review, it occurs naturally in order to preserve cells from the accumulation of toxins, damaged molecules and organelles, and to allow processes of tissue development and differentiation. In the course of autophagy, the processing of the substrates to be recycled generates ATP, thus providing an alternative source of energy in stress situations.

The levels of RAC3 expression are up regulated by TNF in the inflammatory response.

RAC3 is a coactivator of glucocorticoid receptor and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) that is usually over-expressed in tumors and which also has important functions in the immune system. We investigated the role of the inflammatory response in the control of RAC3 expression levels in vivo and in vitro. We found that inflammation regulates RAC3 levels.

Nuclear receptor coactivator RAC3 inhibits autophagy.

RAC3 is an oncogene naturally overexpressed in several tumors. Besides its role as coactivator, it can exert several protumoral cytoplasmic actions. Autophagy was found to act either as a tumor suppressor during the early stages of tumor development, or as a protector of the tumor cell in later stages under hypoxic conditions.

Cyclin D1 is a NF-κB corepressor.

NF-κB regulates the expression of Cyclin D1 (CD1), while RAC3 is an NF-κB coactivator that enhances its transcriptional activity. In this work, we investigated the regulatory role of CD1 on NF-κB activity. We found that CD1 inhibits NF-κB transcriptional activity through a corepressor function that can be reverted by over-expressing RAC3.

[Rapamycin effect on senescence and autophagy processes in human cell lines].

Autophagy and senescence are both processes that firstly avoid tumor development through the inhibition of proliferation of damaged cells. However, autophagy does not imply cell death, because it is also a mechanism of cell survival under stress conditions. Concerning senescence, although these cells do not proliferate, they produce growth factors that contribute to the proliferative response of other cells.

Nuclear factor (NF)-κB controls expression of the immunoregulatory glycan-binding protein galectin-1.

The inflammatory response is a self-limiting process which involves the sequential activation of signaling pathways leading to the production of both pro- and anti-inflammatory mediators. Galectin-1 (Gal-1), an endogenous lectin found in peripheral lymphoid organs and inflammatory sites, elicits a broad spectrum of biological functions predominantly by acting as a potent anti-inflammatory factor and as a suppressive agent for T-cell responses. However, the molecular pathways underlying Gal-1 expression and function remain poorly understood.

[RAC3 overexpression is a transforming and proliferative signal that contributes to tumoral development].

RAC3 has been firstly characterized as a nuclear receptor coactivator that is found in limited amounts in normal cells, but is over-expressed in tumors and is also an NF-kB coactivator. Although the mechanisms involved in its over-expression are not clear, it is well known that it enhances resistance to apoptosis. In this work, we investigated if there are any additional mechanisms by which RAC3 may contribute to tumor development and if TNF-a, an inflammatory cytokine that is found at high levels in cancer could increase RAC3 levels.

Imatinib resistance in multidrug-resistant K562 human leukemic cells.

The multidrug resistance phenotype (MDR) is one of the major causes of failure in cancer chemotherapy and it is associated with the over-expression of P-glycoprotein (P-gp or MDR1) in tumor cell membranes. A constitutive NF-kappaB activity has been observed in several haematological malignancies and this is associated with its anti-apoptotic role. In the present work, the relationship between NF-kappaB and MDR phenotype was evaluated in wild type K562 human leukemic cells (K562-WT) and in its vincristine-resistant counterpart, K562-Vinc cells.

[RAC3 nuclear receptor co-activator has a protective role in the apoptosis induced by different stimuli].

RAC3 belongs to the family of p160 nuclear receptors coactivators and it is over-expressed in several tumors. We have previously shown that RAC3 is a NF-kappaB coactivator. In this paper, we investigated the role of RAC3 in cell-sensitivity to apoptosis, using H2O2 in the human embryonic kidney cell line (HEK293), and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) in a human chronic myeloid leukemia cell line (K562) naturally resistant to TRAIL.

RAC3 down-regulation sensitizes human chronic myeloid leukemia cells to TRAIL-induced apoptosis.

The nuclear receptor coactivator RAC3 plays important roles in many biological processes and tumorigenesis. We found that RAC3 is over-expressed in human chronic myeloid leukemia cells K562, which are normally resistant to TRAIL-induced apoptosis. RAC3 down-regulation by siRNA rendered these cells sensitive to TRAIL-induced cell death.

Suprachiasmatic astrocytes as an interface for immune-circadian signalling.

The hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the site of a mammalian circadian clock, exhibit a dense immunoreactivity for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a specific marker for astrocytes. Although there is evidence of a circadian variation in GFAP-IR in the hamster SCN and of the participation of glial cells in input and output mechanisms of the clock, the role of these cells within the circadian system is not clearly understood. The fact that astroglia can express and respond to cytokines suggests that they could work as mediators of immune signals to the circadian system.

Neutrophil signaling pathways activated by bacterial DNA stimulation.

We have previously shown that bacterial DNA activates human neutrophils in a CpG-independent manner. In this study, we have characterized the signaling pathways involved in the activation mechanism. We found that p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and JNK pathways, as well as the PI3K/Akt pathway, are activated by bacterial DNA.

Fludarabine induces pro-inflammatory activation of human monocytic cells through a MAPK/ERK pathway.

Fludarabine is a nucleoside analogue that has been successfully employed for the treatment of low-grade lymphoid malignancies and, more recently, in nonmyeloablative preparative regimens for stem cell transplantation, due to its strong cytotoxic activity on lymphocytes. In this paper, we show that fludarabine can also induce pro-inflammatory stimulation of monocytic cells, as evaluated by increased expression of ICAM-1 and IL-8 release. To study the mechanisms involved, we employed selective inhibitors of MAPK and NF-kappaB pathways, both of which have been implicated in the modulation of ICAM-1 and IL-8.

Potent antigen-specific immunity to Toxoplasma gondii in adjuvant-free vaccination system using Rop2-Leishmania infantum Hsp83 fusion protein.

The results of this study describe the immunostimulatory properties of Leishmania infantum Hsp83 (83) to elicit humoral and cellular response against the Toxoplasma gondii Rop2 protein in an adjuvant-free vaccination system. The analysis was performed by immunizing three different mice strains (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and C3H). Mice immunized with fusion Rop2-83 elicited a stronger humoral and cellular response in comparison to mice immunized with Rop2 alone, or a mix of LiHsp83 and Rop2.