Systemic treatment options for advanced biliary tract carcinoma.

Advanced biliary tract cancers (BTC) include a diverse collection of rare and heterogenous tumors with poor prognosis. The combination of gemcitabine and cisplatin is the established first-line therapy for advanced BTC. There are no accepted standard treatments in the second line setting, though there are several ongoing clinical trials that implement chemotherapy as a therapeutic strategy.

Molecular Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease: An Update.

Dementia is a chronic or progressive syndrome, characterized by impaired cognitive capacity beyond what could be considered a consequence of normal aging. It affects the memory, thinking process, orientation, comprehension, calculation, learning ability, language, and judgment; although awareness is usually unaffected. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most common form of dementia; symptoms include memory loss, difficulty solving problems, disorientation in time and space, among others.

Paroxysmal events during prolonged video-video electroencephalography monitoring in refractory epilepsy.

Introduction: Given that epileptic seizures and non-epileptic paroxysmal events have similar clinical manifestations, using specific diagnostic methods is crucial, especially in patients with drug-resistant epilepsy. Prolonged video electroencephalography monitoring during epileptic seizures reveals epileptiform discharges and has become an essential procedure for epilepsy diagnosis. The main purpose of this study is to characterise paroxysmal events and compare patterns in patients with refractory epilepsy.

[Characteristics of patients with refractory epilepsy attended in a tertiary referral center in Costa Rica].

Introduction: Thirty percent of patients with epilepsy have recurrent seizures, representing fifteen million people in the world. This population has been scarcely described.

Aim: To characterize sociodemographic and clinically the patients diagnosed with refractory epilepsy in a tertiary referral hospital of the Costa Rican social security.