Nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) intake increases plasma NMN and insulin levels in healthy subjects.

Introduction: Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is a coenzyme of the NAD-dependent protein deacetylase sirtuin-1 (SIRT1). An increase in NAD concentration induces SIRT1 activation that results in various health benefits. Since nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) is a precursor of NAD, NMN ingestion is expected to have multiple health benefits such as alleviation of aging, lifestyle-related and neurodegenerative diseases, through the activation of SIRT1.

Exopolysaccharides from a Scandinavian fermented milk viili increase butyric acid and members in the mouse gut.

Starter culture of viili contains lactic acid bacteria belonging to . These bacteria secrete large polysaccharides (EPSs) into milk, resulting in a ropy texture of viili. In mouse experiments, a large dose of EPS (5-140 mg/day) has been shown to alleviate severity of artificially induced illness through modulation of the gut microbiota.