Seeking information and services associated with reproductive health among rural Peruvian young adults: exploratory qualitative research from Amazonas, Peru.

Background: Sexual and reproductive health (SRH) literacy allows young adults to make informed decisions about health outcomes. In Peru, roughly one fifth of the population lives in rural areas, and little is known about where young adults in rural areas get their SRH information. The aim of this study was to identify what motivates and influences young adults to seek information and care related to SRH in three rural communities in the highlands of Northern Peru.

Catcalls: exotic cats discriminate the voices of familiar caregivers.

Background: The ability to differentiate familiar from unfamiliar humans has been considered a product of domestication or early experience. Few studies have focused on voice recognition in despite the fact that this family presents the rare opportunity to compare domesticated species to their wild counterparts and to examine the role of human rearing.

Methods: We tested whether non-domesticated species recognized familiar human voices by exposing them to audio playbacks of familiar and unfamiliar humans.

Redesigning Recruitment and Engagement Strategies for Virtual Culinary Medicine and Medical Nutrition Interventions in a Randomized Trial of Patients with Uncontrolled Type 2 Diabetes.

In-person culinary medicine (CM) can improve health behaviors, but its translation to virtual platforms and impact on diabetes outcomes are not well described. We designed a pragmatic trial comparing the effectiveness of virtual CM (eCM) to Medical Nutrition Therapy on diabetes outcomes among patients with uncontrolled diabetes within a safety-net healthcare system. All participants were provided cooking equipment and food from a food pantry.

Upregulation of Endothelin-1 May Predict Chemotherapy-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Women with Breast Cancer.

As survival in breast cancer patients from newer therapies increases, concerns for chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity (CIC) have offset some of these benefits, manifesting as a decline in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). Patients receiving anthracycline-based chemotherapy followed by trastuzumab are at risk for CIC. Previous research evaluating whether clinical biomarkers predict cardiotoxicity has been inconsistent.

Testing for the "Blues": Using the Modified Emotional Stroop Task to Assess the Emotional Response of Gorillas.

We adapted the emotional Stroop task developed for primates to test whether gorillas would show response slowing for images of 'negative' compared to images of 'positive' items placed within previously reinforced borders. Three zoo-housed male gorillas participated in six phases of an emotional Stroop paradigm. In Phase One, they learned to select blue borders over yellow borders in a forced choice task presented on the touchscreen.

What is the adult experience of Perthes' disease? : initial findings from an international web-based survey.

Aims: Perthes' disease is an uncommon hip disorder with limited data on the long-term outcomes in adulthood. We partnered with community-based foundations and utilized web-based survey methodology to develop the Adult Perthes Survey, which includes demographics, childhood and adult Perthes' disease history, the University of California Los Angeles (UCLA) Activity Scale item, Short Form-36, the Hip disability and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score, and a body pain diagram. Here we investigate the following questions: 1) what is the feasibility of obtaining > 1,000 survey responses from adults who had Perthes' disease using a web-based platform?; and 2) what are the baseline characteristics and demographic composition of our sample?

Methods: The survey link was available publicly for 15 months and advertised among support groups.

A Food for All Seasons: Stability of Food Preferences in Gorillas across Testing Methods and Seasons.

Decisions about which foods to use during training and enrichment for captive animals may be based on invalid assumptions about individuals' preferences. It is important to assess the stability of food preferences given that one-time preferences are often used to inform which items are offered over a longer period of time. Presenting preference assessments using images of food items allows control over factors such as size, scent, and inadvertent cueing but requires validation.

Trpc6 Promotes Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy in Male Mice With Pleiotropic Differences Between Males and Females.

Doxorubicin is a widely used and effective chemotherapy, but the major limiting side effect is cardiomyopathy which in some patients leads to congestive heart failure. Genetic variants in have been associated with the development of doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity, suggesting that TRPC6 may be a therapeutic target for cardioprotection in cancer patients. Assessment of deficiency to prevent doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage and function was conducted in male and female B6.

The Role of the Artery of Ligamentum Teres in Revascularization in Legg-Calve-Perthes Disease.

Introduction: A recent cadaveric study supported that most immature hips are supplied by the artery of ligamentum teres and suggested this medial vascular source may influence the pattern of revascularization in Legg-Calve-Perthes disease (LCPD). The purposes of this study were to characterize the perfusion pattern of the capital femoral epiphysis and determine the role of the artery of ligamentum teres in early revascularization of LCPD.

Methods: Retrospective review of perfusion magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI) from 64 hips in early stage LCPD (Waldenström stage I to IIa) was performed.

Prolonged non-weightbearing treatment decreases femoral head deformity compared to symptomatic treatment in the initial stage of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the potential benefit of using prolonged non-weightbearing (PNWB) as a treatment option for early-stage Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD). An Institutional Review Board (IRB) approved this retrospective study of patients with LCPD and ≥2-year follow-up. Patients 6-12 years of age were included if treatment began in Waldenstrom stage 1 or 2A.

Weightbearing and Activity Restriction Treatments and Quality of Life in Patients with Perthes Disease.

Background: Weightbearing and activity restrictions are commonly prescribed during the active stages of Perthes disease. These restrictions, ranging from cast or brace treatment with nonweightbearing to full weightbearing with activity restrictions, may have a substantial influence on the physical, mental, and social health of a child. However, their impact on the patient's quality of life is not well-described.

Bearing fruit: Piloting a novel judgment bias task in an American black bear.

Judgment bias tasks can reveal changes in affect in animals as a function of environmental manipulations such as provision of enrichment. We assessed affect in an American black bear across seasonal changes in availability of a mulberry bush. We used a novel judgment bias task in which the background color of a touchscreen signaled whether the left or right positioned stimulus was correct.

In or out: Response slowing across housing conditions as a measure of affect in three Western lowland gorillas ().

Background: Individuals experiencing negative affect have shown response slowing, a longer latency to respond in relation to baseline, when presented with aversive stimuli. We assessed response slowing in three male gorillas housed in a bachelor group as a function of daytime and nighttime housing arrangements.

Methods: In both experiments, three gorillas were rewarded for touching a single image (baseline, non-threatening gorilla or threatening gorilla) on a touchscreen.

A behavioral design approach to improving a Chagas disease vector control campaign in Peru.

Background: Individual behavior change is a critical ingredient in efforts to improve global health. Central to the focus on behavior has been a growing understanding of how the human brain makes decisions, from motivations and mindsets to unconscious biases and cognitive shortcuts. Recent work in the field of behavioral economics and related fields has contributed to a rich menu of insights and principles that can be engineered into global health programs to increase impact and reach.

Does Early Proximal Femoral Varus Osteotomy Shorten the Duration of Fragmentation in Perthes Disease? Lessons From a Prospective Multicenter Cohort.

Background: The prognosis of Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) is dependent upon several factors, with the length and severity of the fragmentation stage among the most important. Previous retrospectively collected data from a single center have suggested that early proximal femoral varus osteotomy (PFO) may shorten the length of fragmentation and allow 34% of patients to bypass fragmentation altogether resulting in less femoral head deformity. The purpose of this study was to validate these findings in a prospectively collected multicenter cohort.

Stakeholder engagement to initiate lung cancer screening in an urban safety-net health system.

• Health systems, especially those caring for medically underserved populations, should consider a multi-level approach to patient and stakeholder engagement to advance adoption of population screening as guideline-based care. • Iterative engagement should inform design and activation of an electronic order set to (1) capture socio-demographic data to establish screening eligibility, and (2) provide CMS-mandated documentation of patient counseling, while minimizing order burden for referring clinicians. • Patients who most stand to benefit from guideline-based lung cancer screening may also be those least likely to complete the multi-step processes of screening.

Validation of Pediatric Self-Report Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Measures in Different Stages of Legg-Calvé-Perthes Disease.

Objectives: Patient-reported outcomes (PRO) assessing health-related quality of life (HRQoL) are important outcome measures, especially in Legg-Calvé-Perthes disease (LCPD) where symptoms (pain and limping), activity restrictions, and treatments vary depending on the stage of the disease. The purpose of this study was to investigate the validity of the Patient-reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) for measuring HRQoL of patients with LCPD in various stages of the disease.

Methods: This is a multicenter validity study.

Increasing participation in a vector control campaign: a cluster randomised controlled evaluation of behavioural economic interventions in Peru.

Objective: To assess the efficacy of strategies informed by behavioural economics for increasing participation in a vector control campaign, compared with current practice.

Design: Pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial.

Setting: Arequipa, Peru.

Behavioral and hormonal responses to the availability of forage material in Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

We investigated how forage material affects indicators of welfare in three male Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) at the Detroit Zoo. In addition to their maintenance diet and enrichment foods, the gorillas generally received forage material four times a week. From this baseline, we systematically manipulated how much forage material the group received on a weekly basis, with either daily or bi (twice)-weekly presentation of browse (mulberry, Morus sp.

Ambiguous Results When Using the Ambiguous-Cue Paradigm to Assess Learning and Cognitive Bias in Gorillas and a Black Bear.

Cognitive bias tests are frequently used to assess affective state in nonhumans. We adapted the ambiguous-cue paradigm to assess affective states and to compare learning of reward associations in two distantly related species, an American black bear and three Western lowland gorillas. Subjects were presented with three training stimuli: one that was always rewarded (P), one that was never rewarded (N) and one that was ambiguous (A) because its reward association depended on whether it had been paired with P (PA pairing) or N (NA pairing).

Patient navigation for lung cancer screening in an urban safety-net system: Protocol for a pragmatic randomized clinical trial.

The National Lung Screening Trial demonstrated improved lung cancer mortality with annual low-dose computed tomography (CT) screening, leading to lung cancer screening endorsement by the United States Preventive Services Task Force and coverage by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid. Adherence to annual CT screens in that trial was 95%, which may not be representative of real-world, particularly medically underserved populations. This pragmatic trial will determine the effect of patient-focused, telephone-based patient navigation on adherence to CT-based lung cancer screening in an urban safety-net population.

Cognitive bias in rats is not influenced by oxytocin.

The effect of oxytocin on cognitive bias was investigated in rats in a modified conditioned place preference paradigm. Fifteen male rats were trained to discriminate between two different cue combinations, one paired with palatable foods (reward training), and the other paired with unpalatable food (aversive training). Next, their reactions to two ambiguous cue combinations were evaluated and their latency to contact the goal pot recorded.

Adaptations to "Thermal Time" Constraints in Papilio: Latitudinal and Local Size Clines Differ in Response to Regional Climate Change.

Adaptations to "thermal time" (=Degree-day) constraints on developmental rates and voltinism for North American tiger swallowtail butterflies involve most life stages, and at higher latitudes include: smaller pupae/adults; larger eggs; oviposition on most nutritious larval host plants; earlier spring adult emergences; faster larval growth and shorter molting durations at lower temperatures. Here we report on forewing sizes through 30 years for both the northern univoltine P. canadensis (with obligate diapause) from the Great Lakes historical hybrid zone northward to central Alaska (65° N latitude), and the multivoltine, P.

Quantity estimation and comparison in western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla).

We investigated the quantity judgment abilities of two adult male western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) by presenting discrimination tasks on a touch-screen computer. Both gorillas chose the larger quantity of two arrays of dot stimuli. On some trials, the relative number of dots was congruent with the relative total area of the two arrays.

ATR-FTIR observations of water structure in colloidal silica: implications for the hydration force mechanism.

Attenuated total internal reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) was used to probe the change in water structure in silica colloids as a function of particle density. The absorption index (k) spectra were calculated from the ATR spectra using the subtractive Kramers-Kronig transform in order to avoid the effects of the density-dependent refractive index on the raw spectra and allow direct comparison of the different chemical environments. Normalized difference spectra were obtained by subtracting the k spectrum of bulk water from those of the silica colloids.