Global urban environmental change drives adaptation in white clover.

Urbanization transforms environments in ways that alter biological evolution. We examined whether urban environmental change drives parallel evolution by sampling 110,019 white clover plants from 6169 populations in 160 cities globally. Plants were assayed for a Mendelian antiherbivore defense that also affects tolerance to abiotic stressors.

Floral Trait Evolution of Angiosperms on Pacific Islands.

Animals frequently evolve unique suites of traits on islands, but whether plants evolve comparable island syndromes remains unresolved. Here, we test the prediction on the basis of natural history observations that insect-pollinated plants evolve smaller flowers on islands than on mainland communities. We examined 556 plant species representing 136 phylogenetically independent contrasts between island and mainland sister taxa.

Evolution and diversity of floral scent chemistry in the euglossine bee-pollinated orchid genus Gongora.

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Background And Aims: Animal-pollinated angiosperms have evolved a variety of signalling mechanisms to attract pollinators. Floral scent is a key component of pollinator attraction, and its chemistry modulates both pollinator behaviour and the formation of plant-pollinator networks. The neotropical orchid genus Gongora exhibits specialized pollinator associations with male orchid bees (Euglossini).