Disparities in Perceived Availability of Healthful Foods, Dietary Behaviors, Diet Quality, and Obesity Among Mothers from Low-Income Households: Additional Evidence in the Call for Broader Approaches to Obesity Prevention.

Purpose: To examine racial/ethnic differences in dietary behaviors, diet quality, body mass, and the perceived availability of healthful foods in one's neighborhood among mothers from low-income California households.

Methods: Cross-sectional telephone surveys of mothers from randomly sampled households with incomes ≤185% federal poverty level in 2018 and 2019 using a validated 24-h dietary recall assessment. Dietary outcomes were cups of fruits and vegetables, ounces of sugar-sweetened beverages, teaspoons of added sugars, and kilocalories consumed the previous day.

COVID-19 Benefits and Dietary Behaviors Among Mothers From Low-Income, Food-Insecure Households.

Objective: To examine the dietary behaviors of mothers from very low food security (VLFS) households following the availability of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) unemployment and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program benefits.

Methods: Diet and food security status were obtained from 2,584 California mothers during Federal Fiscal Year 2020. Fruits, vegetables, and 100% fruit juice (FV100%FJ), sugar-sweetened beverages, and water intake, and Healthy Eating Index-2015 scores, were compared across 4 groups (before vs after COVID-19 benefits by VLFS vs non-VLFS households) with race/ethnicity and age as covariates.

Diet Quality Differs by Race/Ethnicity Among Mothers and Their Children from Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education Households.

To investigate diet quality by race/ethnicity among mothers and their children from low-income households throughout California. Cross-sectional telephone surveys of mothers and their children from randomly sampled households using a validated 24-h dietary assessment. Healthy Eating Index-2015 (HEI-2015) scores were calculated.

Unemployment, SNAP Enrollment, and Food Insecurity Before and After California's COVID-19 Shutdown.

Objectives: To examine whether the decrease in very low food security (VLFS) observed in California shortly after California's coronavirus disease (COVID-19) shutdown remained throughout Federal Fiscal Year (FFY) 2020. To investigate associations among unemployment, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) enrollment, and VLFS across FFY 2020.

Methods: Telephone interview responses from mothers from randomly sampled households from low-income areas throughout California to the 6-item US Department of Agriculture Food Security Survey Module identified VLFS families.

Very Low Food Security Among Low-Income Households With Children in California Before and Shortly After the Economic Downturn From COVID-19.

We examined levels of very low food security (VLFS) among low-income households with children in California before and shortly after the economic downturn from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Households were randomly sampled in 2018, 2019, and 2020; 11,653 mothers were administered the US Department of Agriculture 6-item Food Security Survey Module. Post-COVID-19 (April 27 to July 21, 2020, a period when stay-at-home restrictions were eased in the state), 14.

Dietary Behaviors and Obesity of Children From Low-Income Households by Gender of Caregiver and Child.

Purpose: To investigate the empirical support for the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education's (SNAP-Ed) focus on mothers versus fathers by examining children's risk and protective behaviors for obesity, and obesity status, by gender of primary caregiver and by caregiver-by-child gender dyads.

Approach: Cross-sectional survey.

Setting: Random sample of SNAP-Ed eligible households (≤ 185% of the federal poverty level) across California.

SNAP-Ed Policy, Systems, and Environmental Interventions and Caregivers' Dietary Behaviors.

Objective: To examine dietary behaviors and diet quality among caregivers of children regarding the number of policy, systems, and environmental (PSE) change interventions implemented in their neighborhoods.

Methods: Households with incomes ≤185% of the federal poverty level were randomly sampled throughout California. A validated 24-h dietary recall assessment tool was administered by telephone.

Three-year trends in dietary behaviours among mothers, teenagers and children from SNAP-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education) eligible households across California.

Objective: To examine trends from 2015 to 2017 in dietary behaviours and diet quality among low-income mothers, teenagers and children.

Design: Cross-sectional telephone surveys using a validated 24 h dietary assessment.

Setting: Randomly sampled households with incomes ≤185 % of the US federal poverty level across California.

Fruit and Vegetable, Fat, and Sugar-Sweetened Beverage Intake Among Low-Income Mothers Living in Neighborhoods With Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education.

Objective: To examine among low-income mothers the consumption of fruits and vegetables (FV), high-fat foods, and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and overall diet quality in relation to levels of reach of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed) interventions across 2,907 California census tracts.

Design: Cross-sectional telephone survey conducted from April through October, 2014 using the Automated Self-administered 24-Hour Recall dietary assessment.

Participants: Mothers or primary caregivers (n = 6,355) from randomly selected SNAP households.

Clavicle Fracture Is Not Predictive of the Need for Microsurgery in Brachial Plexus Birth Palsy.

Background: Brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) and clavicle fractures occur concurrently as well as in isolation during difficult deliveries. The concept that concurrent clavicle fracture may spare nerve injury has been advocated. Our aim was to compare those children with BPBP presenting to a tertiary care center with and without concurrent clavicle fractures and assess the utility of the presence of a clavicle fracture as a predictor of injury severity in children with BPBP.

A Pilot Prospective Randomized Control Trial Comparing Exercises Using Videogame Therapy to Standard Physical Therapy: 6 Months Follow-Up.

Commercially available, interactive videogames that use body movements for interaction are used clinically in burn rehabilitation and have been shown to facilitate functional range of motion (ROM) but their efficacy with burn patients has not yet been proven. The purpose of this pilot randomized control study was to prospectively compare planar and functional ROM, compliance, pain, enjoyment, and exertion in pediatric burn patients receiving two types of rehabilitation therapy. Seventeen school-aged children with 31 affected limbs who demonstrated limited shoulder ROM from burn injury were randomized to receive exercises using either standard therapy ROM activities (ST) or interactive videogame therapy (VGT).

Tendon transfer surgery in upper-extremity cerebral palsy is more effective than botulinum toxin injections or regular, ongoing therapy.

Background: For children with upper-extremity cerebral palsy (CP) who meet standard indications for tendon transfer surgery, we hypothesized that surgical treatment would result in greater functional improvement than treatment with botulinum toxin injections or regular, ongoing therapy.

Methods: Thirty-nine children with upper-extremity CP, who were four to sixteen years of age and surgical candidates for the transfer of the flexor carpi ulnaris to the extensor carpi radialis brevis, pronator teres release, and extensor pollicis longus rerouting with adductor pollicis release, were prospectively assigned, either randomly (twenty-nine patients) or by patient/family preference (ten patients), to one of three treatment groups: surgical treatment (Group 1); botulinum toxin injections (Group 2); or regular, ongoing therapy (Group 3). Seven centers participated.

Reach of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed) interventions and nutrition and physical activity-related outcomes, California, 2011-2012.

Introduction: This study combined information on the interventions of the US Department of Agriculture's Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education with 5,927 interview responses from the California Health Interview Survey to investigate associations between levels of intervention reach in low-income census tracts in California and self-reported physical activity and consumption of fruits and vegetables, fast food, and sugar-sweetened beverages.

Methods: We determined 4 levels of intervention reach (low reach, moderate reach, high reach, and no intervention) across 1,273 program-eligible census tracts from data on actual and eligible number of intervention participants. The locations of California Health Interview Survey respondents were geocoded and linked with program data.

Transport through graphene quantum dots.

We review transport experiments on graphene quantum dots and narrow graphene constrictions. In a quantum dot, electrons are confined in all lateral dimensions, offering the possibility for detailed investigation and controlled manipulation of individual quantum systems. The recently isolated two-dimensional carbon allotrope graphene is an interesting host to study quantum phenomena, due to its novel electronic properties and the expected weak interaction of the electron spin with the material.

Long-term functional outcomes in the elderly after burn injury.

Although the elderly represent a substantial proportion of the population, limited information exists on postdischarge long-term outcomes of elderly burn survivors. The purpose of this study was to assess elderly burn patient outcomes 2 to 10 years after discharge. This study was a prospective cross-sectional survey assessment of quality of life and retrospective trauma registry for the American College of Surgeons review of patients ≥ 60 years of age discharged alive after acute burn from 1997 to 2007.

Electronic properties of graphene nanostructures.

In this review, recent developments in the fabrication and understanding of the electronic properties of graphene nanostructures are discussed. After a brief overview of the structure of graphene and the two-dimensional transport properties, the focus is put on graphene constrictions, quantum dots and double quantum dots. For constrictions with a width below 100 nm, the current through the constriction is strongly suppressed for a certain back gate voltage range, related to the so-called transport gap.

Recent decline in the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus infection among California men who have sex with men.

Monitoring the incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection among men who have sex with men (MSM) is imperative for developing targeted prevention programs and evaluating their effectiveness. The authors used California counseling and testing data to estimate the temporal trend in HIV incidence among MSM in California. HIV incidence rates were retrospectively calculated among MSM who had received at least 1 HIV test at a public California counseling and testing site between 1997 and 2007 and had a prior HIV-negative test from any HIV testing source.

Coherent electron-phonon coupling in tailored quantum systems.

The coupling between a two-level system and its environment leads to decoherence. Within the context of coherent manipulation of electronic or quasiparticle states in nanostructures, it is crucial to understand the sources of decoherence. Here we study the effect of electron-phonon coupling in a graphene and an InAs nanowire double quantum dot (DQD).

Comparison of self-reports and parent proxy-reports of function and quality of life of children with below-the-elbow deficiency.

Background: The agreement between children's self-reports and parent proxy-reports has not been established for function and quality-of-life measures for children with musculoskeletal diagnoses, including unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency. Factors influencing parent-child agreement in this population have yet to be determined.

Methods: Ten hospitals administered the Pediatric Outcomes Data Collection Instrument (PODCI) and the Pediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL) prospectively to children and adolescents with a unilateral congenital below-the-elbow deficiency in order to assess their function and quality of life.

Hepatitis B sero-prevalence and risk behaviors among immigrant men in a population-based household survey in low-income neighborhoods of northern California.

Background: Despite an effective vaccine, 60,000 new HBV infections were reported in the US in 2004; 95% in adults. We evaluate HBV sero-prevalence, risk behaviors and self-reported vaccination among Latino immigrant, Asian immigrant and US born low income men in five northern California counties.

Methods: Population based, cross sectional survey of HBV sero-prevalence and risk behaviors in men aged 18 to 35 years.

Energy gaps in etched graphene nanoribbons.

Transport measurements on an etched graphene nanoribbon are presented. It is shown that two distinct voltage scales can be experimentally extracted that characterize the parameter region of suppressed conductance at low charge density in the ribbon. One of them is related to the charging energy of localized states, the other to the strength of the disorder potential.

Tunable graphene single electron transistor.

We report electronic transport experiments on a graphene single electron transistor. The device consists of a graphene island connected to source and drain electrodes via two narrow graphene constrictions. It is electrostatically tunable by three lateral graphene gates and an additional back gate.

The validity of compliance monitors to assess wearing time of thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthoses in children with spinal cord injury.

Study Design: Prospective multicenter observation.

Objective: To determine the validity of 3 commercially available at recording thoracic-lumbar-sacral orthosis (TLSO) wearing time of children with spinal cord injury (SCI) and to assess each monitor's function during daily activities.

Summary Of Background Data: A major limitation to studies assessing the effectiveness of spinal prophylactic bracing is the patient's compliance with the prescribed wearing time.

Comparison of pediatric outcomes data collection instrument scores and range of motion before and after shoulder tendon transfers for children with brachial plexus birth palsy.

Background: Children with brachial plexus birth palsy (BPBP) may undergo shoulder external rotation tendon transfers (ERTT) to improve function. In terms of outcome measurements, and according to the World Health Organization International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health model, ERTT reduces impairment as measured by range of motion (ROM), but has not been shown to improve activity and participation. Furthermore, correlation between these outcome measures has not been established.

Development and pilot test of the shriners pediatric instrument for neuromuscular scoliosis (SPNS): a quality of life questionnaire for children with spinal cord injuries.

Background/objective: Children and adolescents who have sustained a spinal cord injury (SCI) are at risk of developing spine deformities and secondary complications that may affect their quality of life. The Shriners Pediatric Instrument for Neuromuscular Scoliosis (SPINS) is a condition-specific instrument that was developed to measure the health-related quality of life (HRQOL) of this patient population. A pilot study was conducted to revise the SPINS and assess comprehensibility.