Status of the neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder in Latin America.

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) is an increasing diagnostic and therapeutic challenge in Latin America (LATAM). Despite the heterogeneity of this population, ethnic and socioeconomic commonalities exist, and epidemiologic studies from the region have had a limited geographic and population outreach. Identification of some aspects from the entire region are lacking.

COVID-19 in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients in Latin America: COVID-19 in MS and NMOSD patients in LATAM.

Background: There is no data regarding COVID-19 in Multiple Sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients in Latin America.

Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients included in RELACOEM, a LATAM registry of MS and NMOSD patients infected with COVID-19.

Methods: RELACOEM is a longitudinal, strictly observational registry of MS and NMOSD patients who suffer COVID-19 and Dengue in LATAM.

Epidemiological findings of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Venezuelan study.

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), is a rare autoimmune inflammatory disease of the central nervous system. Since the countries of Latin America (LATAM) show contrast in geographic, social, environmental factors, and genetic heterogeneity, the information about NMOSD epidemiology in the region allows a better understanding of the disease and its clinical outcome.

Objectives: To determine the prevalence, relative frequency (RF), and clinical characteristics of NMOSD in a multiethnic Venezuelan cohort of patients with demyelinating disorders.

Brain magnetic resonance imaging features in multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders patients with or without aquaporin-4 antibody in a Latin American population.

Introduction: There is scarce evidence comparing the behavior in magnetic resonance (MRI) between positive and negative aquaporin-4 antibody neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (P-NMOSD and NNMOSD, respectively). The aim of this study was to describe and compare MRI features through a quantitative and qualitative analysis between P-NMOSD and NNMOSD patients in a cohort from Latin American (LATAM) patients.

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the MRI and medical records of NMOSD patients as defined by the 2015 validated diagnostic criteria, and with at least 3 years of follow-up from disease onset (first symptom).

Clinical features and prognosis of late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in a Latin American cohort.

Background: We aimed to assess the clinical, paraclinical, imaging and prognostic features of patients with late-onset neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (LO-NMOSD; ≥ 50 years at disease onset) LO-NMOSD, compared with early onset-NMOSD (EO-NMOSD, ≤ 49 years at disease onset), in Latin American (LATAM).

Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of patients with NMOSD, as defined using the 2015 validated diagnostic criteria. We included patients from Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela.

Brain and spinal MRI features distinguishing MS from different AQP4 antibody serostatus NMOSD at disease onset in a cohort of Latin American patients.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) previously used criteria (Matthews's criteria, MC) for differentiating multiple sclerosis (MS) from neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) in Caucasian and non-Caucasian populations (Argentina, Brazil and Venezuela) with positive (P-NMOSD), negative (N-NMOSD), and unknown (U-NMOSD) aquaporin-4 antibody serostatus at disease onset and to assess the added diagnostic value of spinal cord MRI in these populations.

Methods: We reviewed medical records, and MRIs were assessed by two blinded evaluators and were scored using MC. Short-segment transverse myelitis (STM) was added as a new criterion.

Short-segment transverse myelitis lesions in a cohort of Latin American patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders.

Study Design: Multicenter retrospective study.

Objectives: The aim was to determine the frequency and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features of short-segment transverse myelitis (STM) in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) during a myelitis attack.

Setting: Latin American diagnostic centres (Neuroimmunology Unit).

Frequency of brain MRI abnormalities in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder at presentation: A cohort of Latin American patients.

Background: Brain magnetic resonance imaging (BMRI) lesions were classically not reported in neuromyelitis optica (NMO). However, BMRI lesions are not uncommon in NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients.

Objective: To report BMRI characteristic abnormalities (location and configuration) in NMOSD patients at presentation.

Central Nervous System Idiopathic Inflammatory Demyelinating Disorders in South Americans: A Descriptive, Multicenter, Cross-Sectional Study.

The idiopathic inflammatory demyelinating disease (IIDD) spectrum has been investigated among different populations, and the results have indicated a low relative frequency of neuromyelitis optica (NMO) among multiple sclerosis (MS) cases in whites (1.2%-1.5%), increasing in Mestizos (8%) and Africans (15.

[Primary amebic meningoencephalitis: two new cases report from Venezuela].

Primary amebic menigoencephalitis (PAM) is rare. Two cases of PAM in Venezuelan patients are described. Case 1, a 10 year-old male with headache, fever, vomiting.

Increased serum malondialdehyde and decreased nitric oxide within 24 hours of thrombotic stroke onset.

Background And Purpose: Ischemia/reperfusion generates free oxygen radicals, which react with the unsaturated lipids of biomembranes resulting in the generation products such as malondialdehyde. Malondialdehyde could be a sensor for tissue damage and reperfusion. Nitric oxide, released due to the early arrival of leukocytes in the brain parenchyma, could be a sensor for nonflow phenomenon.

Comparison of the efficacy of carbamazepine, haloperidol and valproic acid in the treatment of children with Sydenham's chorea: clinical follow-up of 18 patients.

In order to compare and contrast the efficacy of haloperidol, carbamazepine, and valproic acid in the treatment of Sydenham's chorea a prospective study including 18 cases of this disorder was undertaken. Age of patients ranged from 7 to 15 years. Ten children were female and 8 were male.