Cutaneous Cryosurgery in Dermatology: Evolving Principles and Clinical Applications for Benign, Premalignant, and Malignant Lesions.

Skin and subcutaneous diseases represent a significant public health burden, profoundly impacting quality of life, social interactions, mental health, and daily activities-raising concerns worldwide. In modern cryogenics, cryosurgery is among the therapeutic approaches employed by healthcare professionals to address this broad and complex range of diseases. Over the past four decades, cryosurgery has evolved into a valuable treatment option, used alone or as an adjunct therapy, and is adaptable to the needs of various special populations.

Cryogenic Media in Biomedical Applications: Current Advances, Challenges, and Future Perspectives.

This paper explores the crucial role of cryogenic mediums in driving breakthroughs within the biomedical sector. The objective was to investigate, critically discuss, and present the current knowledge and state-of-the-art practices, along with the challenges and perspectives of the most common applications. Through an extensive literature review, this work aims to supplement existing research, offering a comprehensive and up-to-date understanding of the subject.

The Evolving Role of Cryosurgery in Breast Cancer Management: A Comprehensive Review.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed type of cancer, accounting for approximately one in eight cancer diagnoses worldwide. In 2020, there were approximately 2.3 million new cases of breast cancer globally, resulting in around 685,000 deaths.

Does the Use of Hair Dyes Increase the Risk of Developing Breast Cancer? A Meta-analysis and Review of the Literature.

Background/aim: Hair dye may contain mutagenic compounds which could be associated with an increased incidence of breast cancer in women who use it. The aim of this study was to examine the association between the personal use of hair dyes and the risk of breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: We conducted a literature review of epidemiological studies reporting breast cancer-specific risks among hair dye users versus non-users.

Evaluation of taste sensitivity in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass graft surgery.

Patients report changes in their perception of food tastes following cardiac surgery. This study was designed to explore changes in taste sensitivity following coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Detection and recognition thresholds for sweet (sucrose), salty (sodium chloride), sour (citric acid), and bitter (quinine hydrochloride) were determined using the multiple forced-choice ascending concentration series method at baseline (presurgical), discharge, 5 weeks, and 16 weeks post-CABG.

Cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression correlates with aromatase expression in human breast cancer.

Introduction: The cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), responsible for the conversion of arachidonic acid into prostaglandin (PG) E2, is known to increase intracellular cAMP and estrogen production in malignant breast tissue. The aromatase enzyme complex is responsible for local production of estrogens in breast cancer. Increasing evidence supports a role for COX-2 in upregulation of aromatase activity.

The current management of gynecomastia: an update.

Gynecomastia is a common condition characterized by a benign proliferation of the glandular component of the male breast. It is thought to be due to an increase in the ratio of estrogen to androgen activity. The present article reviews the pathogenesis, clinical features, and contemporary treatment of gynecomastia.

Is it safe to preserve the nipple areola complex during skin-sparing mastectomy for breast cancer?

Skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) with nipple areola complex (NAC) preservation appears to be oncologically safe, provided the tumor is not close to the nipple and a frozen section protocol for the retroareolar tissue is followed.

The role of STS and OATP-B mRNA expression in predicting the clinical outcome in human breast cancer.

Background: Steroid sulfatase (STS) is the enzyme responsible for hydrolysing biologically inactive estrogen sulfates to active estrogens. Therefore it plays a significant role in supporting the growth of hormone-dependent tumours of the breast, endometrium and prostate. OATP-B is a member of a family of membrane transporter proteins that regulates the uptake of steroid sulfates through cell membranes.

hTERT mRNA expression is associated with a poor clinical outcome in human breast cancer.

Background: Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein enzyme that synthesises telomeres after cell division and maintains chromosomal length and stability thus leading to cellular immortalisation. hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) gene is the rate-limiting determinant of telomerase reactivation. The present study aims to quantitatively measure the expression of hTERT mRNA in human breast cancer, examine the association between hTERT and the clinicopathological characteristics of the cancer specimens including the Nottingham Prognostic Index (NPI) and to explore the relationship between hTERT expression and clinical outcome.

Skin-sparing mastectomy and radiotherapy: an update.

Despite the lack of randomised controlled trials and paucity of the published data, the current evidence suggests that the post-mastectomy radiation therapy (PMRT) does not represent a contraindication to skin-sparing mastectomy (SSM) and immediate breast reconstruction (IBR) in the multidisciplinary setting. Although PMRT is associated with a higher incidence of complications, a satisfactory cosmetic outcome can be achieved in most patients. Radiation has a deleterious effect on autologous flap reconstruction that relies on fat for volume replacement such as the deep inferior epi-gastric perforator (DIEP) flap reconstruction and this method of reconstruction should be delayed until RT is completed.

Adjuvant endocrine therapy for postmenopausal breast cancer in the era of aromatase inhibitors: an update.

There is overwhelming evidence that optimal adjuvant endocrine therapy for hormone sensitive breast cancer in postmenopausal women should include a third generation aromatase inhibitor (AI). On current evidence, adjuvant anstrozole or letrozole should be used upfront in such patients especially in those with high risk disease (node positive and/or tumours > 2 cm). The sequential approach of tamoxifen for 2-3 years followed by exemestane or anastrozole for 2-3 years is a reasonable alternative to 5 years of AI monotherapy in patients with low risk disease (node negative and tumour smaller than 2 cm) especially if the tumour is positive for estrogen and progesterone receptors.