Acrylamide in human breast milk - the current state of knowledge.

Human milk is a first choice in infant nutrition. It not only provides all the nutrients necessary for the proper infant`s development but also contains bioactive factors that provide natural protection against infections. Unfortunately, chemical contaminants can pass to breast milk and pose a health risk for the breastfed infant's health.

Fatty Acids Content in Whole-Day Diets Intended for Pregnant and Breastfeeding Women in Gynaecological and Obstetric Wards: Findings from the Study under the "Mum's Diet" Pilot Program in Poland.

fatty acids (TFAs) have been proven to have an adverse effect on human health by interfering with n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LC-PUFA) synthesis. LC-PUFA n-3 are necessary for the development and maturation of the nervous system and retina during the prenatal period and infancy. TFAs are not synthesized de novo in the human body.

Human milk metabolome: Impact of gestational age, lactational stage and maternal diet.

Human breast milk due to its unique composition and the ability to adapt to the needs of the infant, is referred to as the "gold standard". Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of a inflant's life. The composition of breast milk and its metabolites is not constant and varies depending on the influence of various factors.

Acrylamide Content in Breast Milk: The Evaluation of the Impact of Breastfeeding Women's Diet and the Estimation of the Exposure of Breastfed Infants to Acrylamide in Breast Milk.

Acrylamide in food is formed by the Maillard reaction. Numerous studies have shown that acrylamide is a neurotoxic and carcinogenic compound. The aim of this study was to determine the level of acrylamide in breast milk at different lactation stages and to evaluate the impact of breastfeeding women's diet on the content of this compound in breast milk.

Are AAMA and GAMA Levels in Urine after Childbirth a Suitable Marker to Assess Exposure to Acrylamide from Passive Smoking during Pregnancy?-A Pilot Study.

Introduction: Acrylamide (AA) is a "probably carcinogenic to humans" monomer that can form in heated starchy food and in tobacco smoke. N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoylethyl)-L-cysteine (AAMA) and N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), acrylamide metabolites in urine, are recognized as good markers of exposure to acrylamide.

Aim: The aim of the study is a preliminary assessment whether the levels of AAMA and GAMA in urine after childbirth are good markers of acrylamide exposure due to passive smoking during pregnancy.

The Concentration of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Human Milk Is Related to Their Habitual but Not Current Intake.

This study determined fatty acid (FA) concentrations in maternal milk and investigated the association between omega-3 fatty acid levels and their maternal current dietary intake (based on three-day dietary records) and habitual dietary intake (based on intake frequency of food products). Tested material comprised 32 samples of human milk, coming from exclusively breastfeeding women during their first month of lactation. Milk fatty acids were analyzed as fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) by gas chromatography using a Hewlett-Packard 6890 gas chromatograph with MS detector 5972A.

The effect of vegetable and spice addition on the acrylamide content and antioxidant activity of innovative cereal products.

The aim of the work was to assess the impact of vegetable and spice addition on the acrylamide content and antioxidant activity of extruded cereal crisps. The foods were based on grain ingredients, such as brown rice, whole grain flour, wheat bran, with different vegetables. Products from one group contained green vegetables, such as broccoli and zucchini; garlic was included as a flavour additive (0.

Impact of conjugated linoleic acid administered to rats prior and after carcinogenic agent on arachidonic and linoleic acid metabolites in serum and tumors.

The objective of the study was to assess the influence of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) daily supplementation prior and after carcinogenic agent on the concentrations of eicosanoids - metabolites of arachidonic acid (15-, 12- or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15-, 12-, 5-HETE), prostaglandin E (PGE)) and linoleic acid (13- or 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (13-, 9-HODE)) in rat serum and 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)-induced tumors. Female rats were randomised into six groups, receiving 1% or 2% Bio-C.L.

Acrylamide content in cigarette mainstream smoke and estimation of exposure to acrylamide from tobacco smoke in Poland.

Introduction And Objective: Acrylamide is a "probably human carcinogen" monomer that can form in heated starchy food as a result of a reaction between asparagine and reducing sugars via Maillard reaction. The main source of acrylamide in human diet are potato products, cereal products and coffee. Tobacco smoke may be another significant source of exposure to acrylamide.

Assessment of the diet components of pregnant women as predictors of risk of preterm birth and born baby with low birth weight.

Objective: The diet of pregnant women is an important factor in the development of the fetus. In our study we wanted to determine the diet of women who gave birth to healthy children at term (AGA), preterm (PTB) and small for gestational age neonates (SGA). Based on the analysis of dietary components we wanted predict the likelihood of giving birth AGA, PTB and SGA.

Estimation of exposure to dietary acrylamide based on mercapturic acids level in urine of Polish women post partum and an assessment of health risk.

We determined metabolites of acrylamide and glycidamide concentrations (AAMA and GAMA, respectively) in urine of 93 women within the first days after delivery, using LC-MS/MS. The median AAMA and GAMA levels in urine were 20.9 μg/l (2.

Pregnant women's diet composition and transitional milk fatty acids: factor analysis.

Introduction: The variation in the nutrients contained in the milk is the result of changes to the breast metabolism, placenta metabolism and the diet of pregnant women. Various factors influence fatty acid composition which are one of the major components of woman's breast milk. In our research, we wanted to determine the relationship between the components of the diet of and the transitional milk fatty acid composition mothers who delivered healthy full-term babies, preterm and small for gestational age neonates.

The Dietary Composition of Women Who Delivered Healthy Full-Term Infants, Preterm Infants, and Full-Term Infants Who Were Small for Gestational Age.

The impact of diet on the health of pregnant women remains an unresolved clinical issue. The aim of this study was to determine and compare the dietary intake of mothers who gave birth to full-term infants whose sizes were appropriate for gestational age (AGA), preterm birth (PTB) infants, and full-term infants who were small for gestational age (SGA). Of the 103 women who participated, 50 gave birth to AGA infants, 30 gave birth to PTB infants, and 23 gave birth to SGA infants.

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid mixture supplemented daily after carcinogen application on linoleic and arachidonic acid metabolites in rat serum and induced tumours.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is thought to exert anticarcinogenic, antiatherogenic, anti-inflammatory and weight loss effects. The impact on eicosanoid biosynthesis may be one of the mechanisms of its action. The aim of this study was to establish whether CLA mixture supplemented daily after administration of carcinogen (7, 12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene, DMBA) influenced the concentration of linoleic and arachidonic acid metabolites: 13- or 9-hydroxyoctadecadienoic acids (13-, 9-HODE) and 15-, 12- or 5-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (15-, 12- or 5-HETE) and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in rat serum and DMBA-induced tumours.

Studies of acrylamide level in coffee and coffee substitutes: influence of raw material and manufacturing conditions.

Background: Many animal studies have shown that acrylamide is both neurotoxic and carcinogenic. The first reports of acrylamide actually having been found in foodstuffs were published in 2002 by the Swedish National Food Agency in conjunction with scientists from the University of Stockholm. It has since been demonstrated that acrylamide arises in foodstuffs by the Maillard reaction, ie.

Optimisation and validation of the analytical procedure for the determination of acrylamide in coffee by LC-MS/MS with SPE clean up.

Background: Numerous studies have demonstrated acrylamide to be both neurotoxic and carcinogenic. At present it is widely recognised that acrylamide is mainly formed through the Maillard reaction from free asparagine and reducing sugars. The major sources of dietary acrylamide are potato products, processed cereals and coffee.

[Nutritional guidelines for healthy children aged 1-3 years - Polish Expert Group statement. Part I- energy and nutritional components demand].

Updating of the nutritional guidelines for the Polish population requires updates of the nutritional norms for children. We present the Polish Expert Group statement (2012) on intake of selected nutrients (protein, lipids, carbohydrates, vitamin D and E) essential in nutrition of children aged 1-3 years. For this purpose the Expert Group reviewed available scientific data: the recent guidelines, nutritional norms and recommendations, systematic reviews and expert opinions as well as original publications, in relation to the specific requirements of the Polish population.

Comparison of the fatty acid composition of transitional and mature milk of mothers who delivered healthy full-term babies, preterm babies and full-term small for gestational age infants.

Background/objectives: The fatty acid (FA) composition of breast milk throughout the period of lactation is fairly well understood. What is not known, however, is the FA composition of breast milk at the interface of physiology and pathology of pregnancy. We therefore decided to analyse and compare the differences in the FA composition of transitional and mature milk of mothers who delivered small for gestational age (SGA) neonates born at term; infants delivered at 35-37 weeks of gestation, that is 'late preterm'; and that of mothers who gave birth to appropriate for gestational age neonates (AGA).

Comparison of the fatty acid composition of maternal blood and cord blood of mothers who delivered healthy full-term babies, preterm babies, and full-term small for gestational age infants.

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine and compare the fatty acid (FA) profile of maternal blood and cord blood of children born at term (group A); those born prematurely (group B); and children born with hypotrophic features (group C).

Methods: The study consisted of 109 women. FA composition was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Determination of acrylamide level in commercial baby foods and an assessment of infant dietary exposure.

Acrylamide is a monomer that can form in heated starchy food as a result of Maillard reaction. The adverse effects of acrylamide in humans are neurotoxicity and carcinogenicity. Aim of our study was to determine acrylamide levels in the main categories of commercially made Polish baby food products and to assess the dietary acrylamide exposure of infants aged 6-12 months.

Estimation of the dietary acrylamide exposure of the Polish population.

The objective of our study was to determine acrylamide content in the Polish foods and to assess the average dietary acrylamide exposure of the Polish population. We analysed the acrylamide content in Polish food using GCQ-MS/MS method. The daily dietary acrylamide exposure was computed using a probabilistic approach for the total Polish population (1-96 years) and for the following age groups: 1-6, 7-18 and 19-96, using Monte Carlo simulation technique.

[Determination of acrylamide content in potato products using GC-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods].

The aim of our study was to check a useful of GCQ-MS/MS and LC-MS/MS methods to determination of acrylamide in foodstuffs and determined acrylamide content in potato products randomly collected in Poland in 2007-2008. As a result of validation of these methods we found the both using methods were characterized by low quantification limit and well precision. The highest acrylamide level was in potato crisps--770 microg/kg (113 divided by 1890 microg/kg), but the lowest--was in French fries collected from bars and restaurants--401 microg/kg (134 divided by 679 microg/kg).

[The estimation of the influence of various methods of thermal processing on acrylamide level in potato chips].

The aim of our study was to examine influence of thermal processing conditions on acrylamide concentration in potato chips ready to eat which were preparing from different varieties of pre-cooked potato chips. Relation between colour of potato chips and acrylamide content was also examined. Acrylamide concentration in potato chips ready to eat ranged from 292 to 1534 microg/kg.

[Study of the influence of raw material and processing conditions on acrylamide level in fried potato chips].

The aim of our study was to examine relation between the asparagine level in raw material and acrylamide concentration in chips made from different varieties of potato. Relation between colour of potato chips and acrylamide content was also examined. Acrylamide concentration in fried potato chips ranged from 376 to 2348 microg/kg.