The effect of post-annealing on the performance of the CuZnSnS solar cells.

CuZnSnS (CZTS) solar cells commonly undergo post-annealing treatments to enhance their performance. However, multiple concurrent effects, including Cu-Zn disorder, Na diffusion from the back contact, CZTS grain boundary passivation, and elemental interdiffusion at the CdS/CZTS interface, can occur simultaneously during post-annealing, making it challenging to isolate their specific influence on device performance. To address this complexity, we have utilized Cu-Zn-disordered CZTS absorbers to eliminate the influence of Cu-Zn disorder in this study.