False head complexity and evidence of predator attacks in male and female hairstreak butterflies (Lepidoptera: Theclinae: Eumaeini) from Mexico.

In many butterfly species, the posterior end of the hindwings of individuals perching with their wings closed resembles a butterfly head. This "false head" pattern is considered an adaptation to deflect predator attacks to less vulnerable parts of the body. The presence of symmetrical damage in left and right wings is considered evidence of failed predator attacks to perching butterflies.

Two new genera of metalmark butterflies of North and Central America (Lepidoptera, Riodinidae).

Two new genera of Riodinidae (Insecta: Lepidoptera) are described, Trujano-Ortega, ( (W. H. Edwards, 1876), , Freeman, 1964, ) and Trujano-Ortega & García-Vázquez, ( (W.

[Altitudinal richness patterns of Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) in Mexican mountain areas].

Altitudinal richness patterns of Papilionidae, Pieridae and Nymphalidae (Lepidoptera) in Mexican mountain areas. Butterflies constitute an useful group to investigate biodiversity patterns in specific geographic areas. The aim of this study was to describe the altitudinal patterns distribution and to recognize the main grouping factors of these families.