Long-term outcomes following laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass: weight loss and resolution of comorbidities at 15 years and beyond.

Background: Laparoscopic Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (LRYGB) is the gold-standard bariatric procedure with proven efficacy in morbidly obese populations. While the short-term benefits of LRYGB have been well-documented, durable weight loss and long-term resolution of obesity-related comorbidities have been less clearly described.

Methods: This single-center study prospectively reports weight loss and comorbidity resolution in patients undergoing LRYGB between August 2001 and September 2007 with at least 15-year follow-up.

In situ imidazole activation of ribonucleotides for abiotic RNA oligomerization reactions.

The hypothesis that RNA played a significant role in the origin of life requires effective and efficient abiotic pathways to produce RNA oligomers. The most successful abiotic oligomerization reactions to date have utilized high-energy, modified, or pre-activated ribonucleotides to generate strands of RNA up to 50-mers in length. In spite of their success, these modifications and pre-activation reactions significantly alter the ribonucleotides in ways that are highly unlikely to have occurred on a prebiotic Earth.