A reproducible murine model of studying HIV-associated brain damage in stroke.

Background: Emerging clinical and epidemiological data indicates that human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is associated with an increased risk of stroke and aggravated brain damage. We aimed to develop a reproducible murine model of photothrombotic-stroke with HIV infection that mimics the clinical situation.

Method: To evaluate the impact of HIV infection on stroke, male C57BL/6 mice were infected with EcoHIV (p24 2-4 × 10/mouse; i.

Neuroprotective Effects of Sulforaphane in a rat model of Alzheimer's Disease induced by Aβ (1-42) peptides.

The intricate nature of Alzheimer's disease (AD) has presented significant hurdles in the development of effective interventions. Sulforaphane (SFN) is of interest due to its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, which could address various aspects of AD pathology. This study explores the potential of SFN in a rat model of AD induced by Aβ (1-42) peptides.

Decoupling of carbon burial from productivity in the northeast Indian Ocean.

The concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO) is a crucial climate parameter as it has far-reaching implications on global temperature. The oceans are a significant sink for CO. Biologically mediated carbon sequestration, in the form of both inorganic (CaCO) and organic carbon (C), and its subsequent burial in marine sediments play a vital role in regulating atmospheric CO.

Intrusion of Arabian Sea high salinity water and monsoon-associated processes modulate planktic foraminiferal abundance and carbon burial in the southwestern Bay of Bengal.

The unicellular calcareous planktic foraminifera sequester a significant portion of the carbon dioxide dissolved in the ocean, thus burying the carbon in sediments for millions of years. The global warming and associated processes are likely to affect the planktic foraminiferal abundance and diversity. Therefore, their baseline distribution has to be documented and correlated with ambient parameters to assess its fate under different climate change scenarios.

Intranasal Delivery of Mitochondria Attenuates Brain Injury by AMPK and SIRT1/PGC-1α Pathways in a Murine Model of Photothrombotic Stroke.

Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Mitochondria play a vital role in the pathological processes of cerebral ischemic injury, but its transplantation and underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In the present study, we examined the effects of mitochondrial therapy on the modulation of AMPK and SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway, oxidative stress, and NLRP3 inflammasome activation after photothrombotic ischemic stroke (pt-MCAO).

Neuroprotective effect of ropinirole against Aβ -induced neurochemical perturbations and cognitive impairments in a rodent model.

The primary objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of ropinirole (ROP) medication given for an extended period following the induction of cognitive decline, oxidative stress, and deterioration of mitochondria in a Wistar rat model by Aβ . This study aimed to examine the neuroprotective efficacy of ROP in a stereotaxis model of AD. The Wistar rats were randomly assigned into four groups.

Development and validation of a reliable rabbit model of limbal stem cell deficiency by mechanical debridement using an ophthalmic burr.

A simple and reproducible method is necessary to generate reliable animal models of limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD) for assessing the safety and efficacy of new therapeutic modalities. This study aimed to develop and validate a rabbit model of LSCD through mechanical injury. The corneal and limbal epithelium of New Zealand White rabbits (n = 18) were mechanically debrided using an ophthalmic burr (Algerbrush II) with a 1.

A modified murine photothrombotic stroke model: a minimally invasive and reproducible cortical and sub-cortical infarct volume and long-term deficits.

Ischemic stroke is one of the major causes of devastating neurological disabilities and mortality worldwide. Despite extensive research for treatment approaches, there remains limited therapy in the stroke field. Therefore, more research is required for reproducibility to understand stroke pathology in pre-clinical studies.

Genetic and Pharmacological Modulation of P75 Neurotrophin Receptor Attenuate Brain Damage After Ischemic Stroke in Mice.

The precursor nerve growth factor (ProNGF) and its receptor p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75) are upregulated in several brain diseases, including ischemic stroke. The activation of p75 is associated with neuronal apoptosis and inflammation. Thus, we hypothesized that p75 modulation attenuates brain damage and improves functional outcomes after ischemic stroke.

Age-related pathophysiological alterations in molecular stress markers and key modulators of hypoxia.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is characterized by an adverse cellular environment and pathological alterations in distinct brain regions. The development is triggered or facilitated by a condition such as hypoxia or ischemia, or inflammation and is associated with disruptions of fundamental cellular functions, including metabolic and ion homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests that hypoxia may affect many pathological aspects of AD, including oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, ER stress, amyloidogenic processing of APP, and Aβ accumulation, which may collectively result in neurodegeneration.

A review of rabbit models of meibomian gland dysfunction and scope for translational research.

Dry eye disease (DED) is an emerging global health concern with meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) being the most common subtype of DED. Despite being quite prevalent, the pathophysiological mechanisms governing MGD are poorly understood. Animal models for MGD can be a valuable resource to advance our understanding of this entity and explore novel diagnostic and therapeutic modalities.

Role of melatonin and quercetin as countermeasures to the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by titanium dioxide nanoparticles.

Aim: Due to the growing commercialization of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TNPs), it is necessary to use these particles in a manner that is safe, healthy and environmental friendly. Through reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, it has been discovered that TNPs have a harmful effect on the brain. The aim of this study is to provide valuable insights into the possible mechanisms of TNPs induced mitochondrial dysfunction in brain and its amelioration by nutraceuticals, quercetin (QR) and melatonin (Mel) in in vitro and in vivo conditions.

Animal toxins: As an alternative therapeutic target following ischemic stroke condition.

Globally, Ischemic stroke (IS) has become the second leading cause of mortality and chronic disability. The process of IS has triggered by the blockages of blood vessels to form clots in the brain which initiates multiple interactions with the key signaling pathways, counting excitotoxicity, acidosis, ionic imbalance, inflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal dysfunction of cells, and ultimately cells going under apoptosis. Currently, FDA has approved only tissue plasminogen activator therapy, which is effective against IS with few limitations.

Delivery strategies for CRISPR/Cas genome editing tool for retinal dystrophies: challenges and opportunities.

CRISPR/Cas, an adaptive immune system in bacteria, has been adopted as an efficient and precise tool for site-specific gene editing with potential therapeutic opportunities. It has been explored for a variety of applications, including gene modulation, epigenome editing, diagnosis, mRNA editing, etc. It has found applications in retinal dystrophic conditions including progressive cone and cone-rod dystrophies, congenital stationary night blindness, X-linked juvenile retinoschisis, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, leber's congenital amaurosis, etc.

Verapamil inhibits TXNIP-NLRP3 inflammasome activation and preserves functional recovery after intracerebral hemorrhage in mice.

Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is the second most common type of stroke with no satisfactory treatment. Recent studies from our group and others indicated a potential positive effect of verapamil, a commonly prescribed calcium channel blocker, with thioredoxin-interacting protein (TXNIP) inhibitor properties, in ischemic stroke and cognitive disorders. It is unclear whether there would be a beneficial effect of verapamil administration in ICH.

Pharmacology teaching in dental education in India: Time for a reappraisal.

India has a unique position with its vast population and rapidly increasing healthcare demand. Dental health is integral to a holistic health care need, and a robust dental education system is necessary. Dental education in India is mainly regulated by the Dental Councilof India, setting broad guidelines.

Identification and in silico analysis of a spectrum of SLC4A11 variations in Indian familial and sporadic cases of congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy.

Background: Congenital hereditary endothelial dystrophy (CHED) is a rare form of corneal dystrophy caused by SLC4A11 gene variations. This study aims to find the genetic alterations in SLC4A11, in two Indian familial CHED cases with affected members n = 3 and n = 2 respectively and five sporadic CHED cases using direct sequencing, followed by in silico analysis and characterization of the identified variants.

Results: All three affected members of the first CHED family were identified with a novel homozygous c.

Targeting novel sites in DNA gyrase for development of anti-microbials.

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria poses major challenges in selection of the therapeutic regime for managing the infectious disease. There is currently an upsurge in the appearance of multiple drug resistance in bacterial pathogens and a decline in the discovery of novel antibiotics. DNA gyrase is an attractive target used for antibiotic discovery due to its vital role in bacterial DNA replication and segregation in addition to its absence in mammalian organisms.

Cationic lipopolymeric nanoplexes containing the CRISPR/Cas9 ribonucleoprotein for genome surgery.

sgRNA/Cas9 ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) provide a site-specific robust gene-editing approach avoiding the mutagenesis and unwanted off-target effects. However, the high molecular weight (∼165 kDa), hydrophilicity and net supranegative charge (∼-20 mV) hinder the intracellular delivery of these RNPs. In the present study, we have prepared cationic RNPs lipopolymeric nanoplexes that showed a size of 117.

Effects of pramipexole on beta-amyloid memory deficits and evaluation of oxidative stress and mitochondrial function markers in the hippocampus of Wistar rat.

Oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction are two prominent pathological features and gradually understood as important pathogenic events for neurodegenerative diseases, including aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study was aimed to explore the prolonged treatment of pramipexole (PPX) following amyloid beta (Aβ)-induced cognitive impairments , oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction in a Wistar rat model. We have found that PPX (1.

Direct AT2R Stimulation Slows Post-stroke Cognitive Decline in the 5XFAD Alzheimer's Disease Mice.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), currently the single leading cause of death still on the rise, almost always coexists alongside vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). In fact, the ischemic disease affects up to 90% of AD patients, with strokes and major infarctions representing over a third of vascular lesions. Studies also confirmed that amyloid plaques, typical of AD, are much more likely to cause dementia if strokes or cerebrovascular damage also exist, leading to the term "mixed pathology" cognitive impairment.

Identification of polypharmacological anticancerous molecules against Aurora kinase family of proteins.

The Human Aurora Kinase (AURK) protein family is the key player of cell cycle events including spindle assembly, kinetochore formation, chromosomal segregation, centrosome separation, microtubule dynamics, and cytokinesis. Their aberrant expression has been extensively linked with chromosomal instability in addition to derangement of multiple tumor suppressors and oncoprotein regulated pathways. Therefore, the AURK family of kinases is a promising target for the treatment of various types of cancer.

Challenges of unrestricted assignment-based examinations (ABE) and restricted open-book examinations (OBE) during COVID-19 pandemic in India: An experimental comparison.

COVID-19 pandemic has affected every sphere of life specially the education sector observing a paradigm shift in the nature of pedagogy from offline face-to-face to online-virtual mode of learning. The biggest challenge in online-learning was the conduction of online examination for student's assessment specially in Indian context where digital divide is rampant. Thus, present study examines and compares the challenges faced by the students in two most widely accepted modes of examination by Indian universities and institutes of higher learning, that is, take home/unrestricted/assignment-based examination (ABE) and highly time restricted/open-book examination (OBE).