Somatic mitochondrial DNA mutations in different grades of glioma.

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations play an important role in the multistep processes of cancer development. Gliomas are among the most diagnosed brain cancer. The relationship between mtDNA alterations and different grades of gliomas are still elusive.

Human tuberculosis brain promotes neuronal apoptosis but not in astrocytes with high expression of vascular endothelial growth factor.

The present study aimed to investigate the involvement of the angiogenic marker vascular endothelia growth factor (VEGF) and apoptotic markers of Bcl-2 and Bax in the neurons and astrocytes in the brain infected by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The immunohistochemistry staining was performed to analyze the expression of the VEGF, Bcl-2 and Bax in the astrocytes and neurons. The expression of VEGF was high in neurons and astrocytes in both the infected brain and control tissues with no difference of angiogenic activity (p = 0.

The risk factors of external ventricular drainage-related infection at hospital kuala lumpur: an observational study.

Background: External ventricular drainage (EVD) has been widely used for the purpose of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) diversion at Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL).

Method: This prospective observational study was conducted in HKL from December 2006 to December 2008 among patients who were subjected for EVD, following strict inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Results: The frequency of EVD-related infection was as high as 32.

Delayed traumatic intracranial haemorrhage and progressive traumatic brain injury in a major referral centre based in a developing country.

A repeat Computer Tomographic (CT) brain after 24-48 hours from the 1(st) scanning is usually practiced in most hospitals in South East Asia where intracranial pressure monitoring (ICP) is routinely not done. This interval for repeat CT would be shortened if there was a deterioration in Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). Most of the time the prognosis of any intervention may be too late especially in hospitals with high patient-to-doctor ratio causing high mortality and morbidity.

Correlations between subdural empyema and paraclinical as well as clinical parameters amongst urban malay paediatric patients.

Paediatric subdural empyema is frequently seen in developing Asean countries secondary to rinosinusogenic origins. A cross-sectional analysis on the surgical treatment of intracranial subdural empyema in Hospital Kuala Lumpur (HKL), a major referral center, was done in 2004. A total number of 44 children who fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included into this study.