Treatment of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infected macrophages with Rifabutin loaded β-glucan microparticles induces macroautophagy mediated bacillary killing.

Tuberculosis (TB), attributable to Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb.), constitutes a formidable global health challenge, particularly with the proliferation of multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB) strains.

Second-generation biorefineries: single platform for the conversion of lignocellulosic wastes to environmentally important biofuels.

The continuously increasing demands for various fossil fuels to achieve the day-to-day needs of the human population are growing and causing adverse effects on the environment and leading to the depletion of their natural resources. To overcome such drastic problems and minimize the production of greenhouse gases, lignocellulose biomass, which is an abundant and bio-renewable source present on earth with excellent properties and composition, has been used for decades to develop biofuels that can easily take over the place of conventional fuels. Lignocellulose biomass comprises polymeric sugars, i.

"β-glucan signalling stimulates NOX-2 dependent autophagy and LC-3 associated autophagy (LAP) pathway".

β-Glucan, a complex polysaccharide derived from fungal and yeast cell walls, plays a crucial role in modulating immune responses through their interaction with receptors such as Dectin-1 and Complement receptor 3 (CR-3). This review provides an in-depth analysis of the molecular mechanisms by which β-glucans activate receptor-mediated signalling pathways, focusing particularly on the LC3-associated phagocytosis (LAP) and autophagy pathways. Hence, we explore how β-glucan receptor engagement stimulates NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX-2), leading to the intracellular production of significant level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) essential for both conventional autophagy and LAP.

Prevalence of antibiotic resistance genes in bacteria from Gomti and Ganga rivers: implications for water quality and public health.

Rivers serve as a significant habitat and water sources for diverse organisms, including humans. An important environmental and public health concern is the increase in antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARBs) and genes (ARGs) in aquatic ecosystems brought about by excessive pollutant flow. The research highlighted that river water, which is receiving discharge from wastewater treatment plants, is harbouring multidrug-resistant bacteria.

Rifabutin loaded inhalable β-glucan microparticle based drug delivery system for pulmonary TB.

Inhalable microparticle-based anti TB drug delivery systems are being investigated extensively for Tuberculosis [TB] treatment as they offer efficient and deep lung deposition with several advantages over conventional routes. It can reduce the drug dose, treatment duration and toxic effects and optimize the drug bioavailability. Yeast derived β-glucan is a β-[1-3/1-6] linked biocompatible polymer and used as carrier for various biomolecules.

Role of inflammatory cytokine burst in neuro-invasion of Japanese Encephalitis virus infection: an immunotherapeutic approaches.

Japanese Encephalitis remains a significant global health concern, contributing to millions of deaths annually worldwide. Microglial cells, as key innate immune cells within the central nervous system (CNS), exhibit intricate cellular structures and possess molecular phenotypic plasticity, playing pivotal roles in immune responses during CNS viral infections. Particularly under viral inflammatory conditions, microglial cells orchestrate innate and adaptive immune responses to mitigate viral invasion and dampen inflammatory reactions.

Toxin-Antitoxin system of Mycobacterium tuberculosis: Roles beyond stress sensor and growth regulator.

The advent of effective drug regimen and BCG vaccine has significantly decreased the rate of morbidity and mortality of TB. However, lengthy treatment and slower recovery rate, as well as reactivation of the disease with the emergence of multi-drug, extensively-drug, and totally-drug resistance strains, pose a serious concern. The complexities associated are due to the highly evolved and complex nature of the bacterium itself.

ArgD of Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a functional N-acetylornithine aminotransferase with moonlighting function as an effective immune modulator.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis) encodes an essential enzyme acetyl ornithine aminotransferase ArgD (Rv1655) of arginine biosynthetic pathway which plays crucial role in M. tuberculosis growth and survival.

Specific Protein Rv1509 Evokes Efficient Innate and Adaptive Immune Response Indicative of Protective Th1 Immune Signature.

Dissecting the function(s) of proteins present exclusively in () will provide important clues regarding the role of these proteins in mycobacterial pathogenesis. Using extensive computational approaches, we shortlisted ORFs/proteins unique to among 13 different species of mycobacteria and identified a hypothetical protein Rv1509 as a 'signature protein' of . This unique protein was found to be present only in and absent in all other mycobacterial species, including BCG.

RipA Dampens TLR4-Mediated Host Protective Response Using a Multi-Pronged Approach Involving Autophagy, Apoptosis, Metabolic Repurposing, and Immune Modulation.

Reductive evolution has endowed () with moonlighting in protein functions. We demonstrate that RipA (Rv1477), a peptidoglycan hydrolase, activates the NFκB signaling pathway and elicits the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12, through the activation of an innate immune-receptor, toll-like receptor (TLR)4. RipA also induces an enhanced expression of macrophage activation markers MHC-II, CD80, and CD86, suggestive of M1 polarization.

Author Correction: Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning based prediction of resistant and susceptible mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Emerging genetic diversity among clinical isolates of SARS-CoV-2: Lessons for today.

Considering the current pandemic of COVID-19, it is imperative to gauge the role of molecular divergence in SARS-CoV-2 with time, due to clinical and epidemiological concerns. Our analyses involving molecular phylogenetics is a step toward understanding the transmission clusters that can be correlated to pathophysiology of the disease to gain insight into virulence mechanism. As the infections are increasing rapidly, more divergence is expected followed possibly by viral adaptation.

Artificial Intelligence and Machine learning based prediction of resistant and susceptible mutations in Mycobacterium tuberculosis.

Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb), causes highest number of deaths globally for any bacterial disease necessitating novel diagnosis and treatment strategies. High-throughput sequencing methods generate a large amount of data which could be exploited in determining multi-drug resistant (MDR-TB) associated mutations.

Disorder-to-order transition in PE-PPE proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis augments the pro-pathogen immune response.

A growing body of evidence supports the hypothesis that intrinsically disordered proteins often mediate host-pathogen interactions and modulate host functions for pathogen survival and virulence. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) has evolved largely through reductive evolution, with a few exceptions such as the glycine-alanine-rich PE-PPE/PGRS protein family, which has been expanding in pathogenic mycobacteria.

Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Are Immunogenic, Alter Cytokine Profile and Aid in Intracellular Survival.

() has two peptidyl-prolyl isomerases (Ppiases) PpiA and PpiB, popularly known as cyclophilin A and cyclophilin B. The role of cyclophilins in processes such as signaling, cell surface recognition, chaperoning, and heat shock response has been well-documented. We present evidence that Ppiases modulate the host immune response.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Co-operonic PE32/PPE65 Proteins Alter Host Immune Responses by Hampering Th1 Response.

PE/PPE genes, present in cluster with ESAT-6 like genes, are suspected to have a role in antigenic variation and virulence of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Their roles in immune evasion and immune modulation of host are also well documented. We present evidence that PE32/PPE65 present within the RD8 region are co-operonic, co-transcribed, and co-translated, and play role in modulating host immune responses.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis Peptidyl-Prolyl Isomerases Also Exhibit Chaperone like Activity In-Vitro and In-Vivo.

Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases (Ppiases), also known as cyclophilins, are ubiquitously expressed enzymes that assist in protein folding by isomerization of peptide bonds preceding prolyl residues. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M.tb) is known to possess two Ppiases, PpiA and PpiB.

Interaction of Mycobacterium tuberculosis Virulence Factor RipA with Chaperone MoxR1 Is Required for Transport through the TAT Secretion System.

Unlabelled: Mycobacterium tuberculosis is a leading cause of death worldwide. The M. tuberculosis TAT (twin-arginine translocation) protein secretion system is present at the cytoplasmic membrane of mycobacteria and is known to transport folded proteins.