Assessment of land use and monsoon impact on high nitrate groundwater and health risk in the hard rock aquifer, South India.

Groundwater sustainability in hard rock aquifers is compromised largely due to nitrate contamination from anthropogenic sources resulting in diminishing potable resources and attendant health issues. A purpose-driven study through an integrated approach was undertaken in the area of interest (hard rock aquifer) to assess the variations in nitrate concentration and resultant health impacts in response to variations in monsoon and land use patterns. Groundwater samples (n = 284) were collected for a period of three years (2017-2019) and analysed.

Identifying fluoride endemic areas and exposure pathways for assessment of non-carcinogenic human health risk associated with groundwater fluoride for Gujarat state, India.

Analytical data of fluoride concentration in groundwater collected from various geological formations in Gujarat, India, have been studied to assess their spatial distribution characteristics and related potential chronic health risks. Decadal analysis of groundwater was attempted for precise quantification and a realistic ground representation of fluoride concentration in the entire state. This exercise involved collection of 6407 samples over a period of 10 years (2009-2018), from 641 representative locations, distributed evenly throughout the state (6407 = 641 locations × 10 years).