Isolated brain metastasis in cholangiocarcinoma: a case report and review of literature.

Cholangiocarcinoma is a rare malignancyinvolvingthe epithelium of the intrahepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts associated with high mortality usually from systemic recurrence. Isolated brain metastases occur rarely in this malignancy. We found three previous reports on this subject in our review of literature which had a varied presentation.

Hippocampal dysfunction in Gulf War Syndrome. A proton MR spectroscopy study.

The pathogenesis of Gulf War Syndrome (GWS) is not clearly understood. Data exist to suggest that GWS may originate from a combination of chronic fatigue and sensitivity to the exposure of exogenous agents. Since the head region of hippocampus is highly vascularized and thus vulnerable to toxic substances in circulation, we postulated that hippocampal impairment occurs in GWS.

Single-voxel proton MR spectroscopy of right versus left hippocampi in PTSD.

Previous magnetic resonance (MR) volume imaging and proton MR spectroscopy studies have suggested a reduction in the hippocampal size and/or neuronal/axonal density in posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The lack of agreement on the laterality of the hippocampal dysfunction prompted this study. A total of 20 veterans (18 men and two women) and one female non-veteran participated in this study conducted in accordance with approved human study protocols.