Benefits of early glycemic control by insulin on sensory neuropathy and cataract in diabetic rats.

While there is an emphasis on the early glycemic control for its long-term benefits in preventing microvascular complications of diabetes, the biochemical mechanisms responsible for the long-lasting effects are not clearly understood. Therefore the impact of early insulin (EI) versus late insulin (LI) treatment on diabetic sensory neuropathy and cataract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic Wistar male rats were evaluated. EI group received insulin (2.

Imbalanced levels of angiogenic and angiostatic factors in vitreous, plasma and postmortem retinal tissue of patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy.

A role for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) has been clearly implicated in the pathogenesis of proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR). However, other molecules and mechanisms may be operating independently, or in conjunction with VEGF in the pathogenesis of this disease. Therefore, we made an attempt to comparatively investigate the levels of angiogenic and angiostatic factors in vitreous, plasma and postmortem retinal tissue of subjects with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy (PDR) compared to control subjects.

Association of depression with complications of type 2 diabetes--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES- 102).

Objective: The aim of the study was to assess the relationship between depression and diabetic complications among urban south Indian type 2 diabetic subjects [T2DM].

Methods: T2DM subjects [n = 847] were recruited from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study [CURES], a population based study in Chennai (formerly Madras) in South India. A previously validated depression questionnaire [PHQ-12 item] was administered.

Global prevalence and major risk factors of diabetic retinopathy.

Objective: To examine the global prevalence and major risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR) and vision-threatening diabetic retinopathy (VTDR) among people with diabetes.

Research Design And Methods: A pooled analysis using individual participant data from population-based studies around the world was performed. A systematic literature review was conducted to identify all population-based studies in general populations or individuals with diabetes who had ascertained DR from retinal photographs.

Teleophthalmology: a model for eye care delivery in rural and underserved areas of India.

Objectives. To describe the application of teleophthalmology in rural and underserved areas of India. Study Design.

Clinical profile of diabetes in the young seen between 1992 and 2009 at a specialist diabetes centre in south India.

Aim: To describe the trends and clinical profile of young diabetic patients (YD) attending a tertiary diabetes centre in south India.

Methods: We reviewed medical records of 2630 YD patients (age at onset ≤25 years) registered between 1992 and 2009. Patients were classified as type 1 diabetes (T1DM), type 2 diabetes (T2DM) gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and other types.

Risk factors for microvascular complications of diabetes among South Indian subjects with type 2 diabetes--the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study-5.

Background: This study assessed the relationship between and risk factors for microvascular complications of diabetes in an urban South Indian type 2 diabetes population.

Methods: Subjects with diabetes (n = 1,736) were selected from the population-based Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) Eye Study conducted on a representative population of Chennai city in south India. Four-field stereo retinal color photography was done, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) was classified according to the Early Treatment DR Study grading system.

Curcumin modulates SDF-1alpha/CXCR4-induced migration of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs).

Purpose: The stromal-derived factor (SDF)-1alpha and the CXC receptor (CXCR)-4 jointly regulate the trafficking of various cell types and play a pivotal role in cell migration, proliferation, and survival. The purpose of this study was to assess whether curcumin inhibits human retinal endothelial cell (HREC) migration by interfering with SDF-1alpha/CXCR4 signaling.

Methods: Primary HREC culture was established and maintained in endothelial growth medium.

Advanced glycation index and its association with severity of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetic subjects.

Background: This study investigates the association of advanced glycation index (AGI), a simple assay to detect advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) in serum, with severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic subjects.

Methods: The study included 188 type 2 diabetic subjects without DR, 153 subjects with nonproliferative DR, 41 subjects with proliferative DR, and 188 control participants. Serum levels of AGEs were monitored with a spectrofluorimeter by recording Maillard-specific fluorescence.

Oxidative DNA damage and augmentation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase/nuclear factor-kappa B signaling in patients with type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy.

Although oxidative stress and the subsequent DNA damage is one of the obligatory signals for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) activation and nuclear factor-kappa B (NFkappaB) alterations, these molecular aspects have not been collectively examined in epidemiological and clinical settings. Therefore, this study attempts to assess the oxidative DNA damage and its downstream effector signals in peripheral blood lymphocytes from Type 2 diabetes subjects without and with microangiopathy along with age-matched non-diabetic subjects. The basal DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and protein carbonyl content were significantly (p<0.

Prevalence and risk factors of diabetic nephropathy in an urban South Indian population: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES 45).

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of diabetic nephropathy among urban Asian-Indian type 2 diabetic subjects.

Research Design And Methods: Type 2 diabetic subjects (n = 1,716), inclusive of known diabetic subjects (KD subjects) (1,363 of 1,529; response rate 89.1%) and randomly selected newly diagnosed diabetic subjects (NDD subjects) (n = 353) were selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES).

Effect of curcumin on proliferation of human retinal endothelial cells under in vitro conditions.

Purpose: To investigate the effect of high glucose on the proliferation of human retinal endothelial cells (HRECs) and to elucidate the possible mechanisms of antiangiogenic activity of curcumin, a diferuloylmethane.

Methods: Human retinal endothelial cells were isolated from the retinal tissue obtained from human donors and the culture system was established. The effect of curcumin on the proliferation of primary HRECs in the presence of low and high glucose was measured by MTT and thymidine uptake assays.

Association of hypoglutathionemia with reduced Na+/K+ ATPase activity in type 2 diabetes and microangiopathy.

Objective: Although recent studies link altered cellular redox state to protein dysfunction in various disease-states, such associations are least studied in clinical diabetes. Therefore, this study assessed the levels of reduced glutathione (GSH) and Na(+)/K(+) ATPase activities in type 2 diabetic patients with and without microangiopathy.

Methods: The study group comprised of a total of 160 subjects, which included non-diabetic healthy controls (n = 40) and type 2 diabetic patients without (n = 60) and with microangiopathy (n = 60), defined as presence of retinopathy with or without nephropathy.

A novel advanced glycation index and its association with diabetes and microangiopathy.

Formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is an important mechanism by which chronic exposure to high glucose levels leads to vascular complications. Measurement of AGEs is hence of great importance for clinicians and researchers concerned with the management and prevention of diabetic vascular disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate a simple methodology to detect AGEs in the serum and to correlate their levels with diabetes and microangiopathy, specifically retinopathy and nephropathy.

Increased glutathionylated hemoglobin (HbSSG) in type 2 diabetes subjects with microangiopathy.

Objective: Protein glutathionylation is considered an important post-translational modification in the pathogenesis of complex diseases. The aim of this study was to examine whether hemoglobin (Hb) is modified by reduced glutathione (GSH) via oxidation of the thiol groups present in diabetes and its associated microangiopathy and to determine whether oxidative imbalance has any correlation with glutathionylated Hb (HbSSG) levels.

Methods: The study group consisted of a total of 130 subjects which included non-diabetic healthy control subjects (n = 30) and type 2 diabetic patients with (n = 53) and without (n = 47) microangiopathy.

Prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in urban India: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) eye study, I.

Purpose: To assess the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in type 2 diabetic subjects in urban India using four-field stereo color photography.

Methods: The Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES) is a population-based study conducted on a representative population of Chennai (formerly Madras) city in South India. Individuals > or =20 years in age (n = 26,001) were screened for diabetes.

Visual outcomes of pan-retinal photocoagulation in diabetic retinopathy at one-year follow-up and associated risk factors.

Purpose: To assess the visual outcomes at one-year follow-up after pan-retinal photocoagulation (PRP) in type 2 diabetes mellitus subjects with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) and associated risk factors.

Materials And Methods: A retrospective study, using data from medical records of 5000 Type 2 diabetic patients who underwent a retinal examination between 1995 and 1999 at a diabetic centre. Ocular, clinical and biochemical parameters were assessed at baseline and at one-year follow-up after PRP.

Prevalence of diabetic complications in fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetic patients and type 2 diabetic patients: a cross-sectional comparative study.

Objective: To determine the prevalence of diabetes-related complications in subjects with fibrocalculous pancreatic diabetes (FCPD) and compare them with subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus matched for age, sex, and duration of diabetes.

Methods: The study group comprised of 277 FCPD patients and 277 age, sex, and duration of diabetes-matched type 2 diabetic patients. All the study subjects underwent a detailed clinical examination, and fasting blood samples were obtained for biochemical studies.

Association of carotid intima-media thickness and arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy: the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES-2).

Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the association of intima-media thickness (IMT) and arterial stiffness with diabetic retinopathy in an Asian-Indian population that has very high prevalence rates of diabetes and coronary artery disease.

Research Design And Methods: The study was conducted on 600 type 2 diabetic subjects randomly selected from the Chennai Urban Rural Epidemiology Study (CURES), which is an ongoing population-based study of a representative population of Chennai. When present, retinopathy was graded according to a modified Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study grading system.

Genes and diabetic retinopathy.

Several recent studies have provided evidence that good diabetes control is important to prevent diabetic retinopathy. However, some groups of patients develop diabetic retinopathy despite good control and others escape retinopathy despite poor control. This suggests the role of genetic factors in susceptibility to retinopathy.