Neuronal damage and functional deficits are ameliorated by inhibition of aquaporin and HIF1α after traumatic brain injury (TBI).

The present study, using a rodent model of closed-head diffuse traumatic brain injury (TBI), investigated the role of dysregulated aquaporins (AQP) 4 and 9, as well as hypoxia inducible factor -1α(HIF-1α) on brain edema formation, neuronal injury, and functional deficits. TBI was induced in adult (400-425 g), male Sprague-Dawley rats using a modified Marmarou's head impact-acceleration device (450 g weight dropped from 2m height). Animals in each treatment group were administered intravenous anti-AQP4 or -AQP9 antibodies or 2-Methoxyestradiol (2ME2, an inhibitor of HIF-1α) 30 min after injury.

Combined effect of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha and heat shock protein (HSP)-70 in reducing apoptotic injury in hypoxia: a cell culture study.

Studies have demonstrated neuroprotective effects of either TNF-alpha or HSP-70 in ischemia/reperfusion injury following exercise. However, the protective mechanisms involving combined effect of the two proteins, particularly in neuronal apoptosis, remain unclear. This study aims to elucidate the beneficial role of TNF-alpha and HSP-70 in the regulation of apoptotic proteins and ERK signaling in hypoxic injury.