Programmed Death Ligand-1 Expression in Gliomas: A Study of Histopathological and Molecular Associations.

Background: Gliomas are aggressive tumors with limited treatment options. Immunotherapy targets are under evaluation as new therapeutic targets in gliomas.

Aims And Objectives: The aims of the study were to analyze expression of PDL1 in adult diffuse gliomas in World Health Organization grade II, III, and IV and to corelate its expression with demographic features, IDH-1, ATRX, and p-53 mutation status.

Can clinical factors predict the need for intervention after a positive intraoperative cholangiogram?

Objective: To determine whether clinical factors such as the elevation or decline of biochemical liver tests and bile duct dilation can help to identify patients who will truly benefit from therapeutic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) following a positive intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) study.

Methods: All cholecystectomies during a 3-year period were examined retrospectively for positive intraoperative cholangiograms. Sonographic findings of bile duct dilation and transaminase levels at admission, including trends during the course of hospitalization and prior to ERCP, were evaluated.