Lutein improves remyelination by reducing of neuroinflammation in C57BL/6 mouse models of multiple sclerosis.

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory neurodegenerative disorder characterized by demyelination. Lutein, a xanthophyll carotenoid, has well-known antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. In this experiment, we aimed to investigate the neuroprotective and remyelination potential of lutein in comparison with dimethyl fumarate (DMF) as a reference drug in post-cuprizone-intoxicated C57BL/6 mice.

The neuropharmacological and clinical effects of lutein: a systematic review.

Objectives: Neurodegenerative diseases are defined by specific protein accumulation and anatomic vulnerability leading to neuronal loss. Some studies have shown that lutein may have an effect on neurodegenerative diseases. As most of the neurodegenerative diseases don't have certain cure and therapies focus on symptom control, Lutein may be a complementary treatment.

Pharmacokinetics study of chitosan-coated liposomes containing sumatriptan in the treatment of migraine.

Background: Sumatriptan is a routine medication in the treatment of migraine and cluster headache that is generally given by oral or parental routes. However, a substantial proportion of patients suffer severe side effects. The aim of this study was to investigate the physicochemical characterization and pharmacokinetic parameters of a novel delivery system for sumatriptan succinate (SS) using nanoliposomes (NLs) coated by chitosan (CCLs) to optimize the formulations to enhance its bioavailability.

Harnessing Intranasal Delivery Systems of Sumatriptan for the Treatment of Migraine.

Sumatriptan (ST) is a commonly prescribed drug for treating migraine. The efficiency of several routes of ST administration has been investigated. Recently, the intranasal route with different delivery systems has gained interest owing to its fast-acting and effectiveness.

Frequencies of CYP2B64,5, and 6 Alleles within an Iranian Population (Mazandaran).

Background: The human CYP2B subfamily consists of one functional gene (CYP2B6) and one pseudogene (CYP2B7P). Cytochrome P450 2B6 (CYP2B6) is a highly polymorphic enzyme that shows marked interindividual and interethnic variations. Currently, 38 alleles have been described, and some of the allelic variants have been associated with low enzyme activity.

Effect of Auraptene on angiogenesis in Xenograft model of breast cancer.

Objectives: Angiogenesis is the most important challenge in breast cancer treatment. Recently, scientists become interesting in rare natural products and intensive researches was performed to identify their pharmacological profile. Auraptene shows helpful effects such as cancer chemo-preventive, anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, immuno-modulatory.

Antitumor effects of Auraptene in 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice.

Objectives: Breast cancer is a common malignant tumor in women with limited treatment options and multiple side effects. Today, the anti-cancer properties of natural compounds have attracted widespread attention from researchers worldwide.

Methods: In this study, we treated 4T1 tumor-bearing Balb/c mice with intraperitoneal injection of Auraptene, paraffin oil, and saline as two control groups.

Pharmacokinetic Parameters and Over-Responsiveness of Iranian Population to Propranolol.

Propranolol is the most widely used treatment for cardiovascular diseases. Dosage range in our patients is usually less than the amount mentioned in references. The aim of the present study was to clarify whether pharmacokinetic differences are able to justify the need for the fewer doses in our patients or not.

Opium tincture versus methadone syrup in management of acute raw opium withdrawal: A randomized, double-blind, controlled trial.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of opium tincture versus methadone syrup in the management of acute withdrawal syndrome in opium dependent patients during the detoxification period. In this double-blind randomized controlled study, a total of 74 adult male raw opium dependent patients were treated with opium tincture or methadone syrup 2 times daily for 5 consecutive days. Detoxification was initiated by tapered dose reductions to reach abstinence.

The effect of piperine on midazolam plasma concentration in healthy volunteers, a research on the CYP3A-involving metabolism.

Some studies showed that piperine (the alkaloid of piper nigrum) can change the activities of microsomal enzymes. Midazolam concentration is applied as a probe to determine the CYP3A enzyme activity. This study was done to determine piperine pretreatment role on midazolam plasma concentration.

Population pharmacokinetics of omeprazole in a random Iranian population.

Background: Omeprazole is metabolized predominantly by CYP2C19, a polymorphically expressed enzymes that show marked interindividual and interethnic variation. These variations cause a substantial differences that have been reported in the pharmacokinetics of omeprazole. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic parameters of omeprazole in a random Iranian population.

Pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic modeling of mood and withdrawal symptoms in relation to plasma concentrations of methadone in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

The aims of the present study were to characterize the relationship between plasma racemic methadone and its enantiomers' concentrations with respect to their pharmacodynamic effects and to investigate the influence of potential covariates on the pharmacodynamic parameters in patients on methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Eighty-eight regular subjects at the Sheffield Care Trust Substance Misuse Services were studied. Samples of blood and urine were collected before the daily dose of methadone.

Tramadol versus methadone for treatment of opiate withdrawal: a double-blind, randomized, clinical trial.

The aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of tramadol versus methadone for treatment of opiate withdrawal. Seventy patients randomly were assigned in two groups to receive either prescribed methadone (60 mg/day) or tramadol (600 mg/day). The withdrawal syndrome of patients was evaluated before and after rapid opiate detoxification using the Objective Opioid Withdrawal Scale (OOWS).

Allele and genotype frequencies of CYP2C9 within an Iranian population (Mazandaran).

Cytochrome P450 2C9 (CYP2C9) is a polymorphic enzyme responsible for the metabolism of different drugs, some with low therapeutic index. The frequency of functionally important mutations and alleles of the gene coding for CYP2C9 shows wide ethnic variations. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of the most common allelic variants of the CYP2C9 enzyme and to predict the genotype frequency in the Mazandarani ethnic group among the Iranian population.

Population pharmacokinetics and pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic relationships of methadone in a sample of Iranian (mazandarani) opiate users undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

Objective: To investigate the pharmacokinetics (PK) and PK- pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship of methadone in a cohort of outpatients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT).

Methods: Sixty male patients undergoing MMT with a mean ±SD methadone daily dosage of 58 ± 34 mg were enrolled in this study. A 5-ml blood sample was collected before the daily intake of methadone.

Frequencies of three CYP2D6 nonfunctional alleles (CYP2D6*3, *4, and *6) within an Iranian population (Mazandaran).

Although the frequencies of CYP2D6 nonfunctional alleles have been extensively studied in most populations worldwide, limited information is available for those of the Iranian population. The present study aimed to determine the frequency of three CYP2D6 nonfunctional alleles (CYP2D6*3, *4, and *6) in the Mazandarani ethnic group among the Iranian population. A total of 100 unrelated healthy subjects living in Mazandaran, a Caspian province in the north of Iran, were selected.

Metabolic capacity of CYP2D6 within an Iranian population (Mazandaran Province).

Background: CYP2D6 is polymorphically expressed enzyme that show marked interindividual and interethnic variation. Phenotyping of CYP2D6 provides valuable information about real-time activity of this important drug-metabolizing enzymes through the use of specific probe drugs. The aim of this study was to identify the CYP2D6 oxidation phenotype with dextromethorphan (DEX) as a probe drug in Mazandarani ethnic group among Iranian population.

Contribution of the activities of CYP3A, CYP2D6, CYP1A2 and other potential covariates to the disposition of methadone in patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment.

Aims: To investigate the influence of different cytochrome P450 (CYP) activities and other potential covariates on the disposition of methadone in patients on methadone maintenance therapy (MMT).

Methods: Eighty-eight patients (58 male; 21-55 years; 84 White) on MMT were studied. CYP2D6 activity [3 h plasma metabolic ratio of dextromethorphan (DEX) to dextrorphan (DOR)] was determined in 44 patients (29 male; 24-55 years), CYP1A2 activity (salivary caffeine elimination half-life) in 44 patients (21 male; 24-55 years) and CYP3A activity (oral clearance of midazolam) in 49 patients (33 male; 23-55 years).

Single-dose pharmacokinetic study of clomiphene citrate isomers in anovular patients with polycystic ovary disease.

The pharmacokinetics of the zuclomiphene (Zu) and enclomiphene (En) isomers of clomiphene citrate following a single oral dose (50 mg) were characterized for the first time in patients receiving the drug (ie, infertile women with polycystic ovary syndrome). Plasma concentrations of Zu and En were measured in 9 patients from the second day of their menstrual cycle (day 1 of dosing) up to 21 days. The mean (+/- coefficient of variation) of C(max), t(max), and AUC of Zu was 15 +/- 41 ng/mL, 7 +/- 87 h, and 1289 +/- 34 ng/mL.

Can saliva replace plasma for the monitoring of methadone?

The aims of this study were to determine the relationship between saliva and plasma methadone concentrations and the influence of variability in saliva pH. Saliva and plasma samples were taken before the daily dose of methadone in 60 patients undergoing methadone maintenance treatment (MMT). Saliva pH was measured immediately after sampling, and concentrations of (RS)-, (R)-, and (S)-methadone in saliva and plasma were assayed by LC/MS.