Antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of tribulus terrestris methanolic extract against , and An study.

Background: (TT) extract has shown good antibacterial activity against some bacteria. However, there are limited data on its cariogenic properties. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial and antibiofilm activities of TT extract against .

Vitamin B12 Administration Facilitates The Antipsychotic And Pain-Relieving Effects Of Quetiapine, In The Alzheimer Patients With Psychotic Symptoms.

Background: Psychotic symptoms in Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients are a problem in medicine. The efficacy of the vitamin B12 on the treatment of the psychotic symptoms of the AD patients in the association with antipsychotic drugs Quetiapine and Risperidone, was evaluated in this Study.

Methods: The effects of vitamin B12 along with two other drugs were studied on the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Clinical Global Impression (CGI), Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) and pain Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) in 47 AD patients with psychotic symptoms, including 4 groups, psychotic AD patients treated with Risperidone, Risperidone plus vitamin B12, Quetiapine and Quetiapine plus vitamin B12 .

Attenuation of inflammatory response in the EAE model by PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio oils.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of PEGlated nanoliposome of pistachio unsaturated oils (PEGNLPUOs) to attenuate the inflammatory response in the EAE model by modulating of NFKB and oxidative stress signaling pathway. Real-time PCR demonstrated that the administration of 10%v/v PEGNLPUOs significantly decreased the expression level of AKT1, MAPK, and NFKB genes from NFKB signaling pathway and MGST1, NOS2, and HO-1 genes from oxidative stress signaling pathway. This study showed that the administration of pistachio oil and PEGNLPUOs at a concentration of 10%v/v decreased the number and percentage of Th1(CD4+) and increased Th2(CD8+) cells.

IL-17A and IL-23: plausible risk factors to induce age-associated inflammation in Alzheimer's disease.

: Aging and its complications such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) are associated with chronic low-grade inflammation entitled age-associated inflammation. However, the main mechanisms whichinduce age-associated inflammation in aging and AD are yet to beclarified. L-23/IL-17A axis plays important roles in the induction of inflammation and consequently autoimmune disease.

Innate immunity related pathogen recognition receptors and chronic hepatitis B infection.

Innate immunity consists of several kinds of pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), which participate in the recognition of pathogens and consequently activation of innate immune system against pathogens. Recently, several investigations reported that PRRs may also play key roles in the induction/stimulation of immune system related complications in microbial infections. Hepatitis B virus (HBV), as the main cause of viral hepatitis in human, can induce several clinical forms of hepatitis B and also might be associated with hepatic complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Toll like receptor 4: an important molecule in recognition and induction of appropriate immune responses against Chlamydia infection.

Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular pathogens causing different infectious diseases particularly asymptomatic genital infections and are also responsible for a wide range of complications. Previous studies showed that there are different immune responses to Chlamydia species and their infections are limited to some cases. Moreover, Chlamydia species are able to alter immune responses through modulating the expression of some immune system related molecules including cytokines.

TGF-β in Toxoplasmosis: Friend or foe?

Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) is an obligate intracellular protozoan causing several forms of toxoplasmosis in humans. The main mechanisms that allow the development of the prolonged forms of the disease and its subsequent pathology are yet to be clarified.

Significant roles played by interleukin-10 in outcome of pregnancy.

Imbalanced immune responses against fetus alloantigens can lead to abnormality in pregnancy. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) plays key roles in regulation of immune responses against self and foreign antigens to induce tolerance to these antigens. Therefore, alteration in expression of IL-10 during pregnancy may result in several pathologic conditions such as preterm labor.

A Diagnostic and Symptomatological Study on Trichomoniasis in Symptomatic Pregnant Women in Rafsanjan, South Central Iran in 2012-13.

Background: Trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of trichomoniasis, is responsible for more than half of all sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The present study aimed to determine the frequency of T. vaginalis infection and its clinical manifestations in symptomatic pregnant women in the area based on four different diagnostic methods.

Levels of Transforming Growth Factor-Beta After Immunization of Mice With in vivo prepared Toxoplasma gondii Excretory/Secretory Proteins.

Background: Zoonotic parasite Toxoplasma gondii has a high prevalence in human populations. A suitable vaccine for animals can stop the transmission of infection between animal and human.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo prepared excretory/secretory antigens (E/SA) as a potential candidate for immunization against the parasite and its effect on the production of transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β).

The frequency of CCR5 promoter polymorphisms and CCR5 Δ 32 mutation in Iranian populations.

Evidence showed that chemokines serve as pro-migratory factors for immune cells. CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5, as the main CC chemokines subfamily members, activate immune cells through binding to CC chemokine receptor 5 or CCR5. Macrophages, NK cells and T lymphocytes express CCR5 and thus, affected CCR5 expression or functions could be associated with altered immune responses.

Molecular and serological detection of acute and latent toxoplasmosis using real-time PCR and ELISA techniques in blood donors of rafsanjan city, iran, 2013.

Background: The differentiation between acute and latent forms of the Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) infection is still considered as a complicated issue. This study was aimed to elucidate the status of infection in the blood donors and the probable importance of blood transfusion in the transmission of the infection through detecting both immunological and genetic markers of acute and latent infection.

Toll-like receptor 4 and hepatitis B infection: molecular mechanisms and pathogenesis.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection mainly causes liver disease, including inflammation, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). It has been documented that prolonged hepatitis B-infected patients are unable to clear HBV from hepatocytes completely. Previous investigations have suggested that various genetic and immunologic parameters may be responsible for the induction of prolonged infection forms.

TLR4 in Toxoplasmosis; friends or foe?

Toxoplasma species are obligate intracellular protozoan which are responsible for induction of several forms of Toxoplasmosis in humans. The mechanisms responsible for the progression of the prolonged forms of Toxoplasmosis and associated pathologies are yet to be identified. However, previous studies proposed that immunological and genetic parameters may play important roles in the etiology and complexity of Toxoplasmosis.

Mutations within the HBc gene of the hepatitis B virus: a study on Iranian patients.

Background: Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a serious risk factor for several severe liver diseases such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. HBV, like other viruses, uses several mechanisms to escape from specific immune responses including the use of mutations in the genome which lead to epitope variations. There are several immune responses, including T helper cells, cytotoxic T lymphocytes, and B cells, against the core antigen of HBV (HBcAg) that can lead to HBV eradication.

IL-17A in hepatitis B infection: friend or foe?

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most prevalent and infectious agents that leads to liver disease in humans. Five clinical forms of HBV infection exist, including fulminant, acute, chronic, asymptomatic and occult. The chronic, asymptomatic and occult forms are long-term infections that can lead to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis.

NK cells in hepatitis B virus infection: a potent target for immunotherapy.

Viruses, including hepatitis B virus (HBV), are the most prevalent and infectious agents that lead to liver disease in humans. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver are the most serious complications arising from prolonged forms of hepatitis B. Previous studies demonstrated that patients suffering from long-term HBV infections are unable to eradicate HBV from hepatocytes completely.

Significant roles played by IL-10 in Chlamydia infections.

Chlamydia species are obligate intracellular parasites which cause usually asymptomatic genital tract infections and also are associated with several complications. Previous studies demonstrated that immune responses to Chlamydia species are different and the diseases will be limited to some cases. Additionally, Chlamydia species are able to modulate immune responses via regulating expression of some immune system molecules including cytokines.

Important roles played by TGF-β in hepatitis B infection.

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) which includes, fulminant, acute, chronic, asymptomatic, and occult HBV infection is the most prevalent virus that leads to human liver diseases. Chronic, asymptomatic, and occult infection can induce further sever diseases such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and cirrhosis of the liver. The underlying mechanisms that allow progression of the prolonged forms of the infection and subsequent HCC or cirrhosis of the liver are yet to be clarified.

Is the CCR5 Δ 32 mutation associated with immune system-related diseases?

Hypersensitivity and autoimmunity are the main features of immune system-related diseases such as type 2 diabetes (T2D), multiple sclerosis (MS), and asthma. It has been established that chemokines play key roles in the activation and regulation of immune cell migration which is important in the pathogenesis of the diseases mentioned. CC chemokines receptor 5 or CCR5 is a receptor for RANTES, MIP-1α, and MIP-1β and is expressed by several immune cells including NK cells, T lymphocytes, and macrophages.