Fibroblast Growth Factor 9 Is Upregulated Upon Intervertebral Mechanical Stress-Induced Ligamentum Flavum Hypertrophy in a Rabbit Model.

Study Design: Case-control study of an animal model.

Objective: To investigate the factors that are upregulated and potentially related to degenerative changes in the ligamentum flavum (LF) upon mechanical stress concentration.

Summary Of Background Data: LF hypertrophy is reported to be associated with mechanical stress.

Anatomical analysis of the human ligamentum flavum in the thoracic spine: Clinical implications for posterior thoracic spinal surgery.

Background: Knowledge of the ligamentum flavum anatomy is important for posterior spinal surgery. However, only a few studies have evaluated the relationship between the thoracic ligamentum flavum and its surrounding structures. This study aimed to clarify the anatomy of the thoracic ligamentum flavum.

The degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs negatively influence union rate of osteoporotic vertebral fracture: A multicenter cohort study.

Background: With the increasing aging population in developed countries, there has been an associated increased prevalence of osteoporotic vertebral fracture (OVF). Many previous reports have attempted to predict the risk of delayed union associated with OVF. However, the role of endplate failure and the degeneration of adjacent intervertebral discs, and their association with delayed union has received little attention.

Mechanical stress induces elastic fibre disruption and cartilage matrix increase in ligamentum flavum.

Lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS) is one of the most frequent causes of low back pain and gait disturbance in the elderly. Ligamentum flavum (LF) hypertrophy is the main pathomechanism of LSS, but the reason for its occurrence is not clearly elucidated. In this study, we established a novel animal model of intervertebral mechanical stress concentration and investigated the biological property of the LF.

Anatomical analysis of human ligamentum flavum in the cervical spine: Special consideration to the attachments, coverage, and lateral extent.

Background: Posterior decompression surgeries of cervical spine such as laminoplasty and laminoforaminotomy are well established and increasing in aging population. The anatomical knowledge of cervical ligamentum flavum (LF) is critical to perform posterior spinal surgeries, however, few studies have evaluated it, especially the relation of LF and neural foramen.

Methods: The whole spine was removed en bloc from 15 formalin-embalmed human cadavers and then divided into two segments along the pedicle bases.

Anatomical Location of the Common Iliac Veins at the Level of the Sacrum: Relationship between Perforation Risk and the Trajectory Angle of the Screw.

To determine the safety of transarticular surface screw (TASS) insertion and the anatomical location of the common iliac veins (CIVs) at the level of the promontorium. The locations of the CIVs on 1 mm computed tomography-myelography slices of 50 patients at the level of the promontorium and 20 human cadavers were investigated. Among the patients, the left CIV was closer to the S1 anterior wall than the right CIV (mean distance: 5.

Anatomical analysis of the relation between human ligamentum flavum and posterior spinal bony prominence.

Background: Posterior spinal bony prominences are commonly used as landmarks during posterior spinal surgery; however, the exact relationship of these structures with ligamentum flavum (LF) borders and attachments has not been clarified.

Materials And Methods: Whole spines were removed en bloc from 20 embalmed human cadavers. Plain radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans of each whole spine were taken, and then the spine was divided in two parts along the pedicle bases.