Non-invasive venous waveform analysis (NIVA) for volume assessment in patients undergoing hemodialysis: an observational study.

Background: Accurate assessment of volume status to direct dialysis remains a clinical challenge. Despite current attempts at volume-directed dialysis, inadequate dialysis and intradialytic hypotension (IDH) are common occurrences. Peripheral venous waveform analysis has recently been developed as a method to accurately determine intravascular volume status through algorithmic quantification of changes in the waveform that occur at different volume states.