Beyond bacteria: Role of non-bacterial gut microbiota species in inflammatory bowel disease and colorectal cancer progression.

This letter emphasizes the need to expand discussions on gut microbiome's role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) by including the often-overlooked non-bacterial components of the human gut flora. It highlights how viral, fungal and archaeal inhabitants of the gut respond towards gut dys-biosis and contribute to disease progression. Viruses such as bacteriophages target certain bacterial species and modulate the immune system.

Association between long COVID and vaccination: A 12-month follow-up study in a low- to middle-income country.

Objective: There is a lack of estimates regarding the at-risk population associated with long COVID in Pakistan due to the absence of prospective longitudinal studies. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of long COVID and its association with disease severity and vaccination status of the patient.

Design And Data Sources: This prospective cohort study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital and recruited patients aged > 18 years who were admitted between February 1 and June 7, 2021.