High-salt- and cholesterol diet-associated cognitive impairment attenuated by tannins-enriched fraction of Emblica officinalis via inhibiting NF-kB pathway.

Metabolic disorders are closely associated with dietary habits and seem to be related to neuroinflammation and neurodegenerative disease in humans. Emblica officinalis (EOT) fruits not only have good nutritional value but also have excellent therapeutic potential. We used a tannins-enriched fraction of EOT fruit with the expectation of controlling diet-induced neuroinflammation and cognitive impairment in rats.

Design and synthesis of benzimidazole analogs endowed with oxadiazole as selective COX-2 inhibitor.

New molecules of benzimidazole endowed with oxadiazole were designed and synthesized from 2-(2-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-benzo[d]imidazol-1-yl)acetohydrazide as 1-((5-substituted alkyl/aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)-2-((pyrimidin-2-ylthio)methyl)-1H-benzimidazoles (5a-r) with the aim to acquire selective cyclooxygenase (COX-2) inhibitor activity. The synthesized compounds were screened by in vitro cyclooxygenase assays to determine COX-1 and COX-2 inhibitory potency and the results showed that they had good-to-remarkable activity with an IC50 range of 11.6-56.

Synthesis, characterization, and in vitro anticancer evaluation of novel 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole analogue.

In this series, we have synthesised a new 2,5-disubstituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole in search of potential therapeutics for cancer. The anticancer activities were evaluated on a panel of 60 cell lines by the National Cancer Institute according to its own screening protocol. Out of the 24 compounds, 11 were selected and evaluated via single high dose (10(-5) M).

Design and synthesis of pyrimidine molecules endowed with thiazolidin-4-one as new anticancer agents.

Design and synthesis of new pyrimidine derivatives clubbed with thiazolidin-4-one from 4-(2-chlorophenyl)-6-(2,4-dichlorophenyl)pyrimidin-2-amine and their in vitro anticancer activities were screened at National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA against full NCI 60 cell lines. Compound 2 (NSC: 765735) exhibited remarkable growth inhibition at single dose (10 μM) and encourage chosen for broadcast at 10-fold dilutions of five different concentrations (0.01, 0.

Anticancer activity of new compounds using benzimidazole as a scaffold.

The design and synthesis of substituted 1-(1-ethy-1H-benzimidazol-2-yl) ethanone (3a-f) and substituted 1-(2-bromoethyl)-2- (1-hydrazinylidene or ethylidene)-1H-benzimidazole (3g-j) have been successfully achieved under microwave irradiation with an aim for finding promising anticancer agents. Among the synthetic compounds, those with potential activity were selected and evaluated in-vitro for anticancer activity at the National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA, against 60 cancer cell lines from nine types of human cancer. The title compound 3e (NSC: 765733/1) exhibited notable growth inhibition that satisfies threshold criteria at single dose (10 µM) on all human cell lines of NCI.

Pharmacokinetic interaction between febuxostat and morin in rats.

Background: Due to wide consumption of flavonoids in the dietary supplement, and an imperative role of CYPs and P-glycoprotein inhibition in drug disposition. So there is increasing scientific interest in drug-flavonoid interactions.

Objective: The present study aims to investigate the effect of morin, a flavonoid, on the pharmacokinetics of febuxostat in rats.

Application of LC-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of glucocorticoids and stimulants in biological fluids.

Liquid chromatography tandem mass chromatography (LC-MS/MS) is an important hyphenated technique for quantitative analysis of drugs in biological fluids. Because of high sensitivity and selectivity, LC-MS/MS has been used for pharmacokinetic studies, metabolites identification in the plasma and urine. This manuscript gives comprehensive analytical review, focusing on chromatographic separation approaches (column packing materials, column length and mobile phase) as well as different acquisition modes (SIM, MRM) for quantitative analysis of glucocorticoids and stimulants.

Chromatographic separation of piracetam and its metabolite in a mixture of microsomal preparations, followed by an MS/MS analysis.

A rapid bioanalytical method was evaluated for the simultaneous determination of piracetam and its metabolite (M1) in human microsomal preparations by fast ultra-performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). In addition, a validated method of M1 in rat plasma was developed and successfully applied on pharmacokinetic studies. The present study was carried out to determine the metabolic pathways of piracetam for phase I metabolism and used cytochrome P450 isoforms responsible for the piracetam metabolism in human liver microsomes (HLMs).

Analytical methods for the detection of undeclared synthetic drugs in traditional herbal medicines as adulterants.

Traditional herbal medicines (THMs) are gaining popularity worldwide as an alternative approach to prescription drugs for many reasons including a general perception that they are safe. But recently there have been number of reported studies that reveal adulteration of THMs with undeclared synthetic drugs, which may potentially cause serious toxic adverse effects. This paper reviews the various classes of synthetic drugs that were found to be adulterated in THMs worldwide.

Effect of morin on pharmacokinetics of piracetam in rats, in vitro enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability assay using rapid UPLC method.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Morin on the pharmacokinetics of Piracetam in rats, in vitro enzyme kinetics and metabolic stability (high throughput) studies using human liver microsomes in UPLC. For pharmacokinetics studies, male Wistar rats were pretreated with Morin (10 mg/kg) for one week and on the last day, a single dose of Piracetam (50 mg/kg) was given orally. In another group, both Morin and Piracetam were co-administered to evaluate the acute effect of Morin on Piracetam.

Synthesis of novel 8-hydroxy quinolin based 1,3,4-oxadiazoles and S-substituted 1,2,4-triazole derivatives and evaluation of their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and anti-microbial activities.

A series of novel 2-[4-aryl-5-{(quinolin-8-yloxy)methyl}-4H-1,2,4-triazol-3-ylthio]-1-arylethanones (6a-6j) and 8-{(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methoxy}quinolines (7a-7d) were synthesized from the corresponding 4-arnyl-1-(2- quinolin-8-yloxy)acetyl) thiosemicarbazides (4a-4d) and hydrazides (3) respectively. The prepared compounds were screened for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic, ulcerogenic and antimicrobial activities. The anti-inflammatory activities were determined by carrageenan induced rat paw edema method.

Triazole incorporated pyridazinones as a new class of antihypertensive agents: design, synthesis and in vivo screening.

A number of 6-(substituted phenyl)-2-(4-substituted phenyl-5-thioxo-4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazol-3-yl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives were designed and synthesized by a sequence of reactions starting from respective aryl hydrocarbons. The final compounds (4a-4u) were evaluated for antihypertensive activities by non-invasive method using Tail Cuff method. The compounds 4e, 4i and 4k showed appreciable antihypertensive activity comparable with that of standard hydralazine and propranolol.

Synthesis, characterization and antihypertensive activity of pyridazinone derivatives.

Some 6-(substituted-phenyl)-2-(substitutedmethyl)-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one derivatives were synthesized by reacting 6-substituted-phenyl-4,5-dihydropyridazin-3(2H)-one with cyclic secondary amine under Mannich reaction conditions. The final compounds (15-70) were evaluated for antihypertensive activities by non-invasive method using Tail Cuff method. The compounds 16, 19, 24, 30, 39, 42 and 45 showed good antihypertensive activity.

Pyrazoline bearing benzimidazoles: search for anticancer agent.

2-acetyl benzimidazole was allowed to react with substituted aromatic aldehydes to get desired intermediate chalcones (2a-g), the cyclocondensation of these intermediates with hydrazine hydrate and phenyl hydrazine in two separate reactions yielded pyrazoline derivatives (3a-g &4a-g respectively). Among the synthesize compounds, six compounds were granted NSC code and screened at National Cancer Institute (NCI), USA for anticancer activity at a single high dose (10(-5) M) in full NCI 60 cell panel. Among the selected compounds, (4f) 2-[5-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-1H-benzimidazole (NSC 748326) was found to be the most active candidate of the series and selected for further evaluation at five dose level screening.

Synthesis and antimycobacterial evaluation of novel 5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-2-indenyl-5,4-substituted phenyl methanone analogues.

In present investigation, a series of substituted phenyl-5,6-dimethoxy-1-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-2-indenylmethanone analogues were synthesized and were evaluated for antimycobacterial activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv and INH resistant M. tuberculosis. All the newly synthesized compounds were showing moderate to high inhibitory activities.

Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of some new oxadiazoles derived from phenylpropionohydrazides.

In this study a series ofnew1-(2-aryl-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanones 2a-e was synthesized by the cyclization of imines 1a-e using acetic anhydride. The products were evaluated for anti-bacterial and anti-fungal activity. Among the newly synthesized compounds, 1-(2-(4-(dimethylamino)phenyl)-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanone (2a)and1-(2-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-phenethyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-3(2H)-yl)ethanone (2b)were found to possess maximum activity against the tested strains of S.

Synthesis and antimycobacterial activity of 4-[5-(substituted phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methylphenols.

Compounds based on the isoxazoline moiety were screened for their antimycobacterial activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37R (MTB), and INH (isoniazid) resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis (INHR-MTB) using the agar dilution method and bactec 460. Among the synthesized compounds, 4-[5-(4-bromophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-3-isoxazolyl]-2-methylphenol (4l) was found to be the most active agent against MTB and INHR-MTB with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.62 microM.

Synthesis of 5-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl) -5- (substituted phenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-4-pyridylmethanone derivatives with anti-viral activity.

A series of N1-nicotinoyl-3- (4-hydroxy-3-methyl phenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-2-pyrazolines were synthesized by the reaction between isoniazid (INH) and chalcones and were tested for their in vitro anti-viral activity. Among the compounds, the electron withdrawing group substituted analogues 5-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4, 5-dihydro-1H-1- pyrazolyl-4-pyridylmethanone (4b), 5-(2-chlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-4-pyri- dylmethanone (4i), 5-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro- 1H-1-pyrazolyl-4-pyridylmethanone (4h) and 5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro- 1H-1-pyrazolyl-4-pyridyl methanone (4j) were the most promising and the halogeno function appeared to be essential for antiviral activity.

Oxadiazole mannich bases: synthesis and antimycobacterial activity.

A series of oxadiazole mannich bases were synthesized by reacting oxadiazole derivatives, dapsone and appropriate aldehyde in the presence of methanol. The synthesized compounds were evaluated for antimycobacterial activity against M. tuberculosis H(37)Rv and INH resistant M.

Discovery of novel phenoxyacetic acid derivatives as antimycobacterial agents.

A series of 2-{4-[1-amino (thioxo) methyl-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}acetic acid and 2-{4-[1-carbamoyl-5-(substituted phenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}acetic acid were synthesized and the in vitro activity of the synthesized compounds against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB) and INH-resistant M. tuberculosis (INHR-MTB) was studied. Among the synthesized compounds, compound (3f) 2{-[4-(1-carbamoyl-5-(chlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-3-pyrazolyl]-2-methoxyphenoxy}acetic acid was found to be the most active against M.

Synthesis, structural activity relationship and anti-tubercular activity of novel pyrazoline derivatives.

In the present investigation, a series of 5-(-4-(substituted) phenyl)-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-toluidino methane thione and 5-(substituted) phenyl-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolyl-2-methoxyanilino methane thione were synthesized by the reaction between hydrazine hydrate and chalcones (3a-k) followed by condensation with appropriate aryl isothiocyanate which yielded N-substituted pyrazoline derivatives. Newly synthesized compounds were tested for their in vitro anti-tubercular activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv using the BACTEC 460 radiometric system. Among the synthesized compounds, compound anilino-3-(4-hydroxy-3-methylphenyl)-5-(2,6-dichlorophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-1-pyrazolylmethanethione (6i) was found to be more active agent against M.

Synthesis and evaluation of phenoxy acetic acid derivatives as [corrected] anti-mycobacterial agents.

In present investigation, 2-(4-formyl-2-methoxyphenoxy) acetic acid on condensation with various ketones in methanolic KOH solution yielded the corresponding chalcones (1-3). These corresponding chalcones were reacted with appropriate acid hydrazide in glacial acetic acid led to the formation of phenoxy acetic acid derivatives. All newly synthesized compounds were evaluated for their anti-mycobacterial activities against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H(37)Rv.

Synthesis and in vitro antimycobacterial activity of N1-nicotinoyl-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methyl phenyl)-5-[(sub)phenyl]-2-pyrazolines.

A series of N1-nicotinoyl-3- (4'-hydroxy-3'-methyl phenyl)-5-(substituted phenyl)-2-pyrazolines were synthesized by the reaction between isoniazid (INH) and chalcones and were tested for their antimycobacterial activity in vitro against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (MTB) and INH-resistant M. tuberculosis (INHR-MTB) using the agar dilution method. Among the synthesized compounds, compound (i) N1-nicotinyl-3-(4'-hydroxy-3'-methyl phenyl)-5-(1''-chlorophenyl)-2-pyrazoline was found to be the most active agent against MTB and INHR-MTB, with minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.