Differential role of the basolateral amygdala 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 serotonin receptors upon ACPA-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors and emotional memory deficit in mice.

Background And Aim: The critical role of cannabinoidergic and serotonergic systems of the amygdala in modulation of anxiety-like behaviors and emotional memory has already been demonstrated. The present study aimed to investigate the possible role of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) 5-HT3 and 5-HT4 serotonergic systems upon ACPA (CB1 cannabinoid receptor agonist)-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors and emotional memory impairment using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test-retest paradigm in male mice.

Method: bilateral guide-cannulae were implanted to allow intra-BLA microinjection of serotonergic agents.

Basolateral amygdala GABA-A receptors mediate stress-induced memory retrieval impairment in rats.

The present study was designed to investigate the involvement of GABA-A receptors of the basolateral amygdala (BLA) in the impairing effect of acute stress on memory retrieval. The BLAs of adult male Wistar rats were bilaterally cannulated and memory retrieval was measured in a step-through type passive avoidance apparatus. Acute stress was evoked by placing the animals on an elevated platform for 10, 20 and 30 min.

The involvement of dorsal hippocampus in dextromethorphan-induced state-dependent learning in mice.

In an effort to understand the effect of dextromethorphan (DM; 3-methoxy-17-methylmorphinan), a noncompetitive antagonist of the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors on memory retrieval, male NMRI mice received intraperitoneal (i.p.) or intra-CA1 injection of this drug before or after training and before testing in passive avoidance task.

Design, Synthesis and Anticonvulsant Activity of 2-(2-Phenoxy) phenyl- 1,3,4-oxadiazole Derivatives.

Benzodiazepines are useful drugs for treatment of sleep disorders, anxiety, seizure cases and skeletal muscle cramps. Some derivatives of 2-(2-Phenoxy) phenyl-1, 3, 4-oxadiazole were synthesized as benzodiazepine receptor agonists. Conformational analysis and superimposition of energy minima conformers of the compounds on estazolam, a known benzodiazepine agonist, reveal that the main proposed benzodiazepine pharmacophores were well matched.

Suggesting a possible role of CA1 histaminergic system in harmane-induced amnesia.

A number of tremorogenic β-carboline alkaloids such as harmane are naturally present in the human food chain. They are derived from medicinal plants such as Peganum harmala that have been used as folk medicine in anticancer therapy. In the present study, effects of the histaminergic system of the dorsal hippocampus (CA1) on harmane-induced amnesia were examined.

Effects of CA1 glutamatergic systems upon memory impairments in cholestatic rats.

Background: Bile duct ligation (BDL) is shown to induce cholestasis-related liver function impairments as well as consequent cognitive dysfunctions (i.e. impaired learning and memory formation).

Elevated CSF and plasma microparticles in a rat model of streptozotocin-induced cognitive impairment.

Alzheimer's disease (AD), can be described as a vascular disorder, is characterized by endothelial and platelet activation. One feature of activated cells is loss of lipid asymmetry, and membrane blebbing which cause microparticle (MP) formation. MPs increased under many pathological states and little information is available relating to their changes in AD.

Does CA1 dopaminergic system play a role in cholestasis induced hypothermia?

Objective: There is some of evidence describing that cholestasis induces hypothermia. Meanwhile, there is paucity of comprehensive data on the mechanism(s) governing this phenomenon. The present study was undertaken to determine the effect of CA1 dopaminergica system on cholestasis induced hypothermia.

Influence of pre-exposure to morphine on cannabinoid-induced impairment of spatial memory in male rats.

In the present study, we investigated the effects of repeated morphine pre-treatment on impairment of spatial memory acquisition induced by intra dorsal hippocampus (intra-CA1) administration of the non-selective cannabinoid CB1/CB2 receptor agonist, WIN55,212-2 in adult male rats. 2-day version of Morris water maze task has been used for the assessment of spatial memory. On the training day, rats were trained by a single training session of eight trials and 24 h later a probe trial test consist of 60s free swim period without a platform and the visible test was administered.

Differential mechanisms of opioidergic and dopaminergic systems of the ventral hippocampus (CA₃) in anxiolytic-like behaviors induced by cholestasis in mice.

There are several studies carried out to test the effect of cholestasis on memory impairment and anxiolytic-like behaviors. Some previous studies have shown that cholestasis alters the activity of opioidergic and dopaminergic systems. The aim of the present study is however to investigate the role of mu opioid, D₁ and D₂ dopamine ventral hippocampal (CA₃) receptors upon cholestasis-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors in hole-board task.

Involvement of the dorsal hippocampal dopamine D2 receptors in histamine-induced anxiogenic-like effects in mice.

Anxiety-related behaviors increase histamine and dopamine release in the brain. On the other hand, central histamine counteracts reward and reinforcement processes mediated by the mesolimbic dopamine system. We investigated the effects of the histaminergic system and dopamine D2 receptors agents and their interactions on anxiety-related behaviors using the elevated plus-maze (EPM).

Role of the medial septum cholinoceptors in anxiogenic-like effects of nicotine.

The medial septum which is extensively connected to the hippocampus is involved in cholinergic theta oscillation control as well as the anxiety related disorders. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the possible involvement of the medial septum cholinoceptors in the nicotine-induced anxiogenic-like behaviors in rats, using the elevated plus-maze (EPM) test. Intraperitoneal administration of nicotine at 0.

EPAC-STX interaction may play a role in neurodevelopment/neurogenesis.

During embryonic life a group of cells become proliferated, migrated and differentiated to develop central nervous system. Migration has been suggested to be due to accumulation of polysialic acid (PSA), a negatively-charged glycoside, on the outer cell membrane. The same event happens to PSA in a tumor mass as well.

Interaction between morphine and noradrenergic system of basolateral amygdala on anxiety and memory in the elevated plus-maze test based on a test-retest paradigm.

Background: The amygdala is the key brain structure for anxiety and emotional memory storage. We examined the involvement of β-adrenoreceptors in the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and their interaction with morphine in modulating these behaviors.

Methods: The elevated plus-maze has been employed for investigating anxiety and memory.

Evaluation of functional relationship between mouse hippocampal cholinergic and nitrergic systems in anxiogenic-like behavior.

Although a body of evidence shows the crucial role of hippocampal nitrergic and cholinergic systems in the modulation of anxiety, little is known about their functional relationship with regard to anxiety. The present study investigated the relationship between intra-CA1 administration of a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist (mecamylamine) and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor [Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME)] or its precursor (L-arginine) in anxiety-related behaviors. Mice received bilateral intra-CA1 injections of either L-NAME or L-arginine in the presence of mecamylamine and were subsequently tested in the elevated plus maze.

Involvement of the nucleus accumbens shell dopaminergic system in prelimbic NMDA-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors.

Background: Nucleus accumbens (NAc) and prefrontal cortex (PFC) dopaminergic and glutamatergic systems are involved in fear/anxiety-related behaviors; meanwhile NAc dopaminergic system activity is mediated by PFC via NAc glutamatergic projections. This study has investigated the involvement of NAc shell dopaminergic system in prelimbic NMDA-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors.

Method: Elevated plus-maze apparatus was employed to test parameters of anxiety-like behaviors in male Wistar rats.

Involvement of the dorsal hippocampal GABA-A receptors in histamine-induced facilitation of memory in the Morris water maze.

Several types of learning and memory processes are regulated by the hippocampus which is an important subcortical structure in the mammalians' brain. Previous investigations have shown that different receptor systems in the CA1 region of hippocampus are involved in learning and memory functions. Investigating the possible influence of dorsal hippocampal GABA-A receptors on histamine-induced spatial facilitation in adult male Wistar rats was the focus of the current study.

Synergistic effects between CA1 mu opioid and dopamine D1-like receptors in impaired passive avoidance performance induced by hepatic encephalopathy in mice.

Background And Aim: Numerous investigations have indicated that hepatic encephalopathy (HE) alters the levels of various neurotransmitters. However, comprehensive data regarding the effects of CA1 opioidergic and dopaminergic (DAergic) systems on HE-induced amnesia are still lacking.

Methods: Following intra-dorsal hippocampal (CA1) injection of mu opioid and dopamine D1- and D2-like receptors antagonists in male mice, one-trial step-down and hole-board paradigms were used to assess memory and exploratory behaviors, respectively.

Effects of dopamine receptor agonist and antagonists on cholestasis-induced anxiolytic-like behaviors in rats.

Dysfunctions in the dopamine transmission system have been suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy. In an experimental animal model, cholestasis induction through bile duct ligation may present several main pathological features of hepatic encephalopathy. Dopaminergic systems are shown to play pivotal roles in regulation of anxiety-like behaviors.

Association of monoamine oxidase B and catechol-O-methyltransferase polymorphisms with sporadic Parkinson's disease in an Iranian population.

Genetic polymorphisms have been shown to be involved in dopaminergic neurotransmission. This may influence susceptibility to Parkinson's disease (PD). We performed a case-control study of the association between PD susceptibility and a genetic polymorphism of MAOB and COMT, both separately and in combination, in Iranians.

The role of glutamatergic pathway between septum and hippocampus in the memory formation.

The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor is a subtype of glutamate receptor that is presented in highest density in the hippocampus and septum. NMDA receptors of the septum and the hippocampus are involved in cognitive performance, especially in learning and memory processes. The septum nucleus and hippocampal formation are two regions of the limbic system.

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Experimentally-induced total sleep deprivation (TSD) and chronic partial sleep restriction (CPSR) leads to the emergence of cognitive impairments. This is hypothesized to result from a consequent neuroinflammation which may also hasten the neurodegenerative processes. Neuroinflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) are thought to be potential culprits in SD-induced neurodegeneration.

Septo-hippocampo-septal loop and memory formation.

The Cholinergic and GABAergic fibers of the medial septal/diagonal band of Broca (MS/ DB) area project to the hippocampus and constitute the septo-hippocampal pathway, which has been proven to play a role in learning and memory. In addition, the hippocampus has bidirectional connections with the septum so that to self-regulate of cholinergic input. The activity of septal and hippocampal neurons is modulated by several neurotransmitter systems including glutamatergic neurons from the entorhinal cortex, serotonergic fibers from the raphe nucleus, dopaminergic neurons from the ventral tegmental area (VTA), histaminergic cells from the tuberomammillary nucleus and adrenergic fibers from the locus coeruleus (LC).

The time profile of morphine effect on different phases of inhibitory avoidance memory in rat.

Backgrounds: The amnesic effect of morphine is well known in the laboratory animals. But, it is unclear that morphine at what times can exactly affect different phases of memory, including acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval. Therefore, we investigated the time profile of morphine's amnesic effect on passive (inhibitory) avoidance learning and memory in male Wistar rats.

Interaction between gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA) receptor agents and scopolamine in the nucleus accumbens on impairment of inhibitory avoidance memory performance in rat.

We designed this study to investigate effects of intra-nucleus accumbens (intra-NAc) infusions of GABA(A) receptors agonist (muscimol) and antagonist (bicuculline) by themselves and their interaction with scopolamine on inhibitory avoidance (IA) memory performance. This study used a step-through IA task to assess memory in male Wistar rats. The results showed that post-training intra-NAc infusions of muscimol at doses of 0.