Frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime optrode system design and instrumentation without a concurrent reference light-emitting diode.

We report the design, development, and implementation of an improved instrumentation approach for frequency-domain fluorescence lifetime (FDFL) optrodic sensing without a concurrent reference LED. FDFL traditionally uses a reference LED, at approximately the same wavelength as the sensor fluorophore emission, to measure phase shifts associated with changes in the fluorescence lifetime of fluorophore. For this work we used an oxygen optrode to design, develop, and test the reference-LED-free FDFL approach.

Biochips and other microtechnologies for physiomics.

This paper presents a review of microtechnologies relevant to applications in cellular physiology, including biochips, electrochemical sensors and optrodic sensing techniques. Microelectrodes have been the main tools for measuring cellular electrophysiology, oxygen, nitric oxide, neurotransmitters, pH and various ions. Optical fiber sensing methods, such as indicator-based optrodes, with fluorescence lifetime measurement, are now emerging as viable alternatives to electroanalytical chemistry.