Analysis of 30-day hospital readmissions and related risk factors for COVID-19 patients with myocarditis hospitalized in the United States during 2020.

Background: Despite extensive research on COVID-19 and its association with myocarditis, limited data are available on readmission rates for this subset of patients. Thirty-day hospital readmission rate is an established quality metric that is associated with increased mortality and cost.

Methods: This retrospective analysis utilized the Nationwide Readmission Database for the year 2020 to evaluate 30-day hospital readmission rates, risk factors, and clinical outcomes among COVID-19 patients who presented with myocarditis at their index hospitalization.

Prediction of respiratory failure and prolonged mechanical ventilation in Guillain-Barré syndrome: A prospective cohort study in Bangladesh.

Background And Aims: The aim of this study is to validate and perform a region-specific adjustment of the Erasmus GBS Respiratory Insufficiency Score (EGRIS) and identify potential predictors of prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) among Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) patients from Bangladesh.

Methods: We enrolled GBS patients from four prospective observational cohort studies conducted in Bangladesh. Accuracy of EGRIS to predict the requirement of MV in <7 days of study entry was evaluated.

Interleukin-10 promoter polymorphisms and haplotypes in patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Objective: Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is a multifunctional cytokine that exerts both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects on the immune system as well as in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). We investigated whether the three common polymorphisms -1082 G/A(rs1800896), -819 C/T(rs1800871), and -592 C/A(rs1800872) in the promoter region of IL-10 have any influence on the susceptibility, severity, and clinical outcome of GBS.

Methods: IL-10 promoter polymorphisms were investigated in 152 patients with GBS and 152 healthy controls from Bangladesh using polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP), and allele-specific oligonucleotide-PCR (ASO-PCR).

Management of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh: Clinical practice, limitations and recommendations for low- and middle-income countries.

Background And Aims: Considerable variation in clinical practice for management of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) has been observed worldwide. Diagnosis and treatment are challenging in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC) due to lack of facilities and treatment availability. We aimed to evaluate current clinical practice and limitations and to provide recommendation for GBS management in low-resource settings.

CSF Findings in Relation to Clinical Characteristics, Subtype, and Disease Course in Patients With Guillain-Barré Syndrome.

Background And Objectives: To investigate CSF findings in relation to clinical and electrodiagnostic subtypes, severity, and outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) based on 1,500 patients in the International GBS Outcome Study.

Methods: Albuminocytologic dissociation (ACD) was defined as an increased protein level (>0.45 g/L) in the absence of elevated white cell count (<50 cells/μL).

An International Perspective on Preceding Infections in Guillain-Barré Syndrome: The IGOS-1000 Cohort.

Background And Objectives: Infections play a key role in the development of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) and have been associated with specific clinical features and disease severity. The clinical variation of GBS across geographical regions has been suggested to be related to differences in the distribution of preceding infections, but this has not been studied on a large scale.

Methods: We analyzed the first 1,000 patients included in the International GBS Outcome Study with available biosamples (n = 768) for the presence of a recent infection with , hepatitis E virus, , cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus.

Validation and adjustment of modified Erasmus GBS outcome score in Bangladesh.

Objective: We have assessed and improved the performance of the modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score (mEGOS) among patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) from Bangladesh.

Methods: Validation cohort consisted of patients with GBS from two prospective cohort studies in Bangladesh. Poor outcome was defined as being unable to walk independently at week 4 and week 26.

Prevalence and risk factors of stroke in Bangladesh: A nationwide population-based survey.

Background: A paucity of high-quality epidemiological survey on stroke in Bangladesh emphasizes the need for a drastic effort at the national level to study the burden of stroke in Bangladesh. Therefore, this community survey was conducted with to estimate the prevalence of stroke and its associated common risk factors among Bangladeshi population.

Methods: This was a population-based cross-sectional study, carried out in 8 administrative divisions and 64 districts to estimate the prevalence of stroke throughout the country.

Association of mannose-binding lectin 2 gene polymorphisms with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Complement activation plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS), a debilitating immune-mediated neuropathy. Mannose-binding lectin (MBL) is a complement activation factor of lectin pathway which as genetic host factor may influence the susceptibility or severity of GBS. We investigated the frequency of MBL2 promoter (- 550H/L and - 221X/Y) and functional region (exon 1 A/O) polymorphisms and their association with disease susceptibility, clinical features and serum MBL among GBS patients (n = 300) and healthy controls (n = 300) in Bangladesh.

Electrophysiology of Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh: A prospective study of 312 patients.

Objective: To describe the electrophysiological features in relation to clinical and serological findings of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) in the national neuroscience hospital in Bangladesh. This is one of the few studies that investigated GBS patients using standardized electrophysiology in low-income countries.

Methods: In a prospective and observational study, we investigated 312 GBS patients by standardized clinical, serological and electrophysiological methods.

Guillain-Barré syndrome in low-income and middle-income countries: challenges and prospects.

The epidemiology, clinical characteristics, management and outcome of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) differ between low-income and middle-income countries (LMIC) and high-income countries (HIC). At present, limited data are available on GBS in LMIC and the true incidence of GBS in many LMIC remains unknown. Increased understanding of GBS in LMIC is needed because poor hygiene and high exposure to infections render populations in LMIC vulnerable to GBS outbreaks.

Impact of COVID-19 on hospital admission of acute stroke patients in Bangladesh.

Background: With the proposed pathophysiologic mechanism of neurologic injury by SARS CoV-2, the frequency of stroke and henceforth the related hospital admissions were expected to rise. This paper investigated this presumption by comparing the frequency of admissions of stroke cases in Bangladesh before and during the pandemic.

Methods: This is a retrospective analysis of stroke admissions in a 100-bed stroke unit at the National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital (NINS&H) which is considerably a large stroke unit.

Prevalence of epilepsy in Bangladesh: Results from a national household survey.

Objective: To determine the prevalence and types of epilepsy in Bangladesh.

Methods: We conducted a nationwide population-based cross-sectional survey among Bangladeshi population of all ages, except children under one month. We surveyed 9839 participants (urban, 4918; rural, 4920) recruited at their households using multistage cluster sampling.

Toll-like receptor-4 299Gly allele is associated with Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh.

Objective: TLR4 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS). The relationships between polymorphisms and susceptibility to GBS are poorly understood. We investigated the frequency and assessed the association of two single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the extracellular domain of (Asp299Gly and Thr399Ile) with disease susceptibility and the clinical features of GBS in a Bangladeshi cohort.

Risk factors for respiratory failure in Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh: a prospective study.

Objective: We investigated clinical, biological, and electrophysiological risk factors for mechanical ventilation (MV) and patient outcomes in Bangladesh using one of the largest, prospective Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cohorts in developing world.

Methods: A total of 693 GBS patients were included in two GBS studies conducted between 2006 and 2016 in Dhaka, Bangladesh. Associations between baseline characteristics and MV were tested using Fisher's exact test, χ test, or Mann-Whitney -test, as appropriate.

Regional variation of Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome is a heterogeneous disorder regarding the clinical presentation, electrophysiological subtype and outcome. Previous single country reports indicate that Guillain-Barré syndrome may differ among regions, but no systematic comparative studies have been conducted. Comparative studies are required to identify factors determining disease susceptibility, variation and prognosis, and to improve diagnostic criteria.

Small volume plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome in resource-limited settings: a phase II safety and feasibility study.

Objective: To assess the safety and feasibility of small volume plasma exchange (SVPE) for patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS).

Design: Non-randomised, single-arm, interventional trial.

Setting: National Institute of Neurosciences and Hospital, Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Zika virus and Guillain-Barré syndrome in Bangladesh.

Objective: Previous studies have associated Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) with Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks in South America and Oceania. In Asia, ZIKV is known to circulate widely, but the association with Guillain-Barré syndrome is unclear. We investigated whether endemic ZIKV infection is associated with the development of GBS.

FAS promoter polymorphisms and serum sFas level are associated with increased risk of nerve damage in Bangladeshi patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome.

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is an autoimmune disorder of the peripheral nervous system triggered by molecular mimicry between pathogen lipopolysaccharides and host nerve gangliosides. Polymorphisms in the Fas receptor (FAS) and Fas ligand (FASL) genes may potentially alter the elimination of autoreactive immune cells and affect disease susceptibility or disease severity in GBS. We detected single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in FAS (-1377G/A and -670A/G) and FASL (-843C/T) in a prospective cohort of 300 patients with GBS and 300 healthy controls from the Bangladeshi population.

Guillain-Barré syndrome following varicella-zoster virus infection.

We describe the frequency, clinical features, and electrophysiological and immunological phenotypes of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) patients treated at a single institution in Bangladesh who had preceding chicken pox (primary Varicella-zoster virus [VZV] infection) within 4 weeks of GBS onset. A literature review of GBS cases preceding VZV infection is also provided. Diagnosis of GBS was based on the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke criteria for GBS.

Small volume plasma exchange for Guillain-Barré syndrome in resource poor settings: a safety and feasibility study.

Background: In Bangladesh, most patients with Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) cannot afford standard treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) or a standard plasma exchange (PE) course, which partly explains the high rate of mortality and residual disability associated with GBS in this country. Small volume plasma exchange (SVPE) is an affordable and potentially effective alternative form of plasma exchange. SVPE is the repeated removal of small volumes of supernatant plasma over several days via sedimentation of patient whole blood.